A Report On The Security Plan - 871 Words

A successful breach must be notification of any kind of plan will encompasses in more than just a method for the most promptly it needs to make sure that they will tell the victims of what are going to happen over the security breach event. The effective that the breach is going to make sure that all the people know what is going .It must be a part of the comprehensive information of the security plan. This plan has three components they are critical in the notification plan †¢ Risk assessment The organization’s information security plan of action and this must being with any kind of security risk assessment. Security risk is a known, yet unrealized situation †¢ Trigger events The security risk assessment it would identify any kind of threats and any vulnerabilities to establish a system that would be monitor the whole computer of any kind of breach events. The staff’s should be able to know a security breach that may trigger events it will ensure prompt the initiation of appropriate response †¢ A mitigation plan the response team would want a team to establishes a security incident to a response a protocol that is clearly of a outlines the mitigation plan. †¢ Any risk analysis is the foundation of any sound privacy and security program it is also a requirement of HIPAA security rules .When you talk about HIPAA this any kind of medical information or anything that deals with personal information. A proper risk analysis it would involves a three – step process to identifying ,Show MoreRelatedCase Study : Area Risk Assessment862 Words   |  4 PagesData Security Medium Change Management Low Business Continuity Planning High Alexandra DeHaven IT General Controls ITGC Area Summary of Issue Strength or Weakness IT Management FFC has an IT strategic plan Strength IT Management FFC has an IT Steering Committee Strength IT Management VP Information Security reports to CIO Weakness IT Management FFC plan matches IT plan Strength IT Management VP Applications reports to CIO Weakness IT Management Steering Committee Members 5/7 report to CIORead MoreBuilding A Compliance Regulation Plan1149 Words   |  5 PagesBuilding a Compliance Regulation Plan Many regulations exist for various facets of corporate industries. Compliance plans in a health industry exist to ensure that any program created by a healthcare provider follow regulations to avoid abuse of information. Compliance planning for healthcare providers has become essential to protecting practices. As we have recently acquired a hospital group we should work to build a compliance plan, and the safeguards needed to keep information secure. ImportantRead MoreTaklang Sampelut1423 Words   |  6 PagesUnit Plans Unit 1: Information Systems Security Fundamentals Learning Objective ï‚ § Explain the concepts of information systems security (ISS) as applied to an IT infrastructure. Key Concepts ï‚ § Confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) concepts ï‚ § Layered security solutions implemented for the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure ï‚ § Common threats for each of the seven domains ï‚ § IT security policy framework ï‚ § Impact of data classification standardRead MoreHo Yu ITGC Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesManagement FFC has an IT strategic plan Strength IT Management CIO reports only to the Chief Financial Officer Weakness IT Management Applications, Operations, Information Security, and Database Administration are reported to the CIO Weakness IT Management FFC has an IT steering committee – 1. the Senior Vice President (SrVP) and Chief Information Officer (CIO) 2. the VP, Applications 3. the VP, Data Base Administration (DBA) 4. the VP, Operations 5. the VP, Information Security (IS) 6. the Executive ViceRead MoreReport On Online Sales1721 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' CONSULTING IT REPORT Kitchener, Ontario June 12, 2017 To: Mr. Raj and Mr. Harjot From: Andre Luis Lumertz Peres Subject: Consulting IT Report – Online Sales Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to provide an analysis, considerations, and information necessary for the implementation of an online sales ordering platform. Based on information from the organization that makes $ 2 to $ 3 million in annual sales selling Drones their store located in Kitchener Ontario and with approximatelyRead MoreA Brief Note On Cyber Crime Shootings Report1424 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigating and Responding to Cyber Crime Incidents Report Introduction â€Å"Computer forensics is the equivalent of surveying a crime scene or performing an autopsy on a victim† (James Borek 2001). We need to ask ourselves a question, how many people in our organization had or will have any law enforcement training, anyone would have the qualifications and the skill to present enough evidence that can and will be acceptable in any court of law. No matter what kind of incident there is, the analysisRead MoreImplementation Of A Comprehensive Incident Management Policy And The Iso / Iec 27035 Compliant773 Words   |  4 PagesBLTYH’S BOOKS INCIDENT SECURITY MANAGEMENT POLICY AND THE ISO/IEC 27035 The ISO/IEC 27035 standard embodies the acceptable practice for the management of information security and ascertains the guidelines for the initiation, execution, maintenance and enhancement of information security management in organisations. The ISO 27035 standard is proposed to be a guide for emergent organisations in developing and implementing their information security policies. The implementation of this standard willRead MoreFice Of Personnel Management Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesup to the breach. Explains how adhering to the fundamental principles of security practice: the Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA triad), combined with risk management policies we have learn in the previous weeks, as well as incorporating the importance of organizational culture that could lead to a path of preventative cybersecurity. Later in the paper we will examine further on the fundamentals of security practice that would create strong cyber defense posture. Read MoreBus 5291639 Words   |  7 Pagescase, select the one (1) that you believe to be the best solution to reporting the plan to address the problem and state why Of the four commentaries that follow the case, the one that I believe to be the best solution to address the issues faced by Flayton Electronics is that of James E. Lee. I particularly liked his recommendations because it addressed all the key areas that are necessary in a risk response plan. Lee’s recommendations are typical of contingency planning; according to Heldman (2005)Read MoreDesigning A Windows Server Using Suitable Software Management Plan895 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing is a report completed for the executives of Frist World Bank Savings and Loan, with the objective to provide information on how to secure a Linux platform using installed commands and other available open source software. Explained are the use of bastion hosts to secure architecture design as well as best practices to mitigate security risks to a Linux server using suitable software management plan. Layered secure is demonstrated as well as a described backup, recovery, and incident response

Food and Drink in England - 1457 Words

Tim Ta Mrs. Shuck English IV 3rd hour 22 February 22, 2011 Food and Drink in England Have you ever wondered how other countries choice of food and drink or customs differed from your own? In England, their diet and customs do not differ as much from our own. We have similarities such as the main courses of breakfast, lunch, and dinner such as our choices of diet over the centuries has changed. But differences such as tea time, which is a very important social time in England, and their choice for there diet is different from ours. These things set our cultures differently when it comes to food and drink. Their first main course of the day in England is breakfast. Breakfast is usually eaten between seven to nine am. People in†¦show more content†¦The most popular kinds of cheese English people usually eat would be mature Cheddar cheese and chase it down with a pint of beer (Sixsmith 4). As you can see lunch plays an important role in the everyday lives of English people but the most important and most looked forward to meal of the day would be dinner. The time when all English people look forward to at the end of the long day at work would be dinner time. This is because dinner is usually the time when the family is allowed to time to prepare a full course meal to enjoy (Andrews 75). A traditional dinner in Britain would be is considered to consist of any type of meat such as lamb, pork, or beef and two vegetables on the side. The side of vegetables usually varies from a lot of things. This would vary from potatoes, carrots, peas, cabbages, onions, salads, or a type of soup. But in England a traditional dinner is rarely eaten. This is because people stray away from the traditional and go to a typical kind of style. The typical dinner in England would be food such as curry, which is an Indian food, and rice and pasta dish. But other than the foreign types of food English people eat they would make famous dishes such as Lancashire Hotpot, Bangers and Mash, Shepherds Pie, Roast chicken with mashed pot atoes and gravy, Toad in the Hole, Macaroni Cheese, Fish pie, and Steak and Kidney Pudding. These dishes would be the kinds of dishes you would see almost everywhere when you walk into a familyShow MoreRelatedProblems With Nutritional Food Labels1620 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Van Dyke English 103 18 December 2015 Problems with Nutritional Food Labels It is very common nowadays to walk into a restaurant and look at a menu and see a side note with the amount of calories that each plate holds. As well as walking into a grocery store, you will always notice a nutritional label on the food product. A nutritional label tends to always be located on the back, front or side of the food product. These nutritional labels are for educational use, used to inform communitiesRead MoreArgumentative Essay: Sin Taxes Are Positive for Society801 Words   |  4 Pagesproducts like large, sugar-filled soft drinks and junk foods. There has been opposition to raise taxes on soft drinks and snack foods, but it is a good idea. There is evidence that these taxes can reduce the number of people who purchase these items. Therefore, the added cost can help people be make better choices and be healthier. Sin taxes are something that governments have been doing for hundreds of years. They have existed since the 1600’s in England and started in the United States duringRead MoreObesity As A Public Health Campaign958 Words   |  4 Pagesobesity as a public health issue, the government introduces no of polices, strategy and health campaign to tackle this problem, including Change4life campaign and Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A call to action on obesity in England. Chang4life is a public health campaign in England, which started in 2009 supported by the Department of Health to tackle growing problem of obesity. This was the first campaign to adapt social marketing approach to address obesity by making significant improvements in anRead MoreObesity Is A Complex Process953 Words   |  4 Pagespublic health issue, the government introduces no of policies, strategy and health campaign to tackle this problem, including Change4life campaign and Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A ca ll to action on obesity in England (Foresight 2007). Chang4life is a public health campaign in England, which started in 2009 supported by the Department of Health to tackle growing problem of obesity (Change4life 2016). This was the first campaign to adopt a social marketing approach to address obesity by making significantRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Public Health Concern Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is a growing public health concern in the UK. Data obtained from the National Child Measurement programme 2013/14 showed that a third of children in England are classified as overweight or obese (Wilkie et al., 2016). If current trends continue, 50% of all 10 year-olds will be overweight or obese by 2020. Obese and overweight individuals have a 10% increased risk of developing chronic diseases such as cancers, hypertension and type 2 diabetes (Kopelman, 2007). Consequently, thisRead MoreGrand Met Case1125 Words   |  5 PagesBackground and Issues Grand Metropolitan PLC was a multinational holdings company that faced a hostile takeover threat in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The company specialized in wine and spirits. The headquarters for operation was in London, England at the time of this case. The major dilemma at hand is avoiding a takeover. The economy was bad at the time, and the companys stock price was thought to be undervalued, as their low P/E ratio of 13.3 indicated. Management needs to find outRead MoreEssay about Unit 3 M2 D11721 Words   |  7 Pageswhere the floor was left wet after being mopped and cleaned. Problems with the escalators and elevators are also one of the causes of common shopping centre accidents.’ The hazards that I identified in the shopping mall included, wet floors, hot food, drinks and hot surfaces, metal knives and forks in the reach of young children, escalators and also the railings on the higher floors. In 2003 a child safety scheme was launched and the County Mall in Crawley was the very first place in the UK to introduceRead MoreExportplan Caffay Company1046 Words   |  5 Pagescapita. This has to do with the companies where coffee is offered for free, the supermarkets which import large quotas, and families (single and multiple-households) who buy from the stores situated in the cities These cities (top 5) are: England: 1 – London, 8.979 million population 2 – Manchester, 2.362 million population 3 – Birmingham, 2.362 million population 4 – Leeds, 1.616 million population 5 – Glasgow, 1.195 million population France: 1 – Paris, 2.4 million population Read MoreBritish Cuisine1599 Words   |  7 PagesSome time ago Somerset Maugham said that ‘to eat well in England, you should have breakfast three times a day. To be perfectly honest, most British food was considered by many people as terrible. It included overcooked vegetables, boring sandwiches and greasy sausages. It was definitely not an enjoyable experience. However, these are now only stereotypes. Things have changed a lot and food has become very important in British culture. Not only TV cooks are more famous than writers, but also theirRead MoreCulture Is The Arts And Other Manifestations Of Human Intellectual Achievement Essay869 Words   |  4 Pageshistorical military conflicts, ever changing social etiquette, superior economics and politics. In England the norms such as spoken language, social etiquette and structure, Food and drink, sport, historical monuments, geographical plains and cultural activities are said to be i diosyncratic. England have had a long history settling back to the pre-historic times. It became a unified region in 927 C.E. England was an independent Kingdom until 1707 when the Kingdom of Great Britain was established. It has

A study into Biodiesel as an alternative fuel Free Essays

Except for hydroelectricity and nuclear energy, the majority of the present-day world’s energy needs are fulfilled by fossil fuels such as petrochemical fuels, coal and various natural gases. These fossil fuels sources are finite and judging from the current usage rates are in danger of depleting shortly. Also the two renewable sources used currently i. We will write a custom essay sample on A study into Biodiesel as an alternative fuel or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. hydroelectricity and nuclear energy cannot be used as fuels in transport vehicles majority of which are run using fossil fuels. Because of the large and increasing levels of energy requirement demands in both the industrial and domestic sector, as well as the increased pollution problems because of using fossil fuels have made it necessary to develop renewable energy sources that would last limitlessly and would cause less harm to the environment than the traditional fossil fuels. This requirement has fueled the interest in alternative sources to petroleum-based fuels. One such alternative is to use oils of plant origin which is known as biodiesel. Biodiesel is a biodegradable and non-toxic fuel and has low emission profiles as compared to petroleum diesel (Meher, Vidyasagar Naik, 2004:249-250). Using converted vegetable oils and animal fats as an alternative to Petrol-Diesel fuel has been around for decades. In fact the use vegetable oil for diesel engines is almost as old as the diesel engine itself. The original Diesel engine was designed to run on cheap vegetable oils. The engine was commonly demonstrated running on peanut oil. Most of the present day diesel engines can in fact run on biodiesel without using any special equipment. The importance of biodiesel as an attractive fuel is increasing due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources (Knothe, Dunn Bagby, n.d:1). This dissertation is a study into the use of biodiesel as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels by focusing on the various aspects of biodiesel and its use. The study will focus on understanding the various reasons for going in for alternative fuels in detail, study the engine performance using biodiesel fuels, assess the compatibility of biodiesel and fossil fuels, study the production process of biodiesel in detail, analyze the emission levels using biodiesel as fuel, and study the advantages and limitations of using biodiesel. What is Biodiesel? Biofuels can be defined as liquid fuels produced from biomass for either transport or burning purposes. They can be produced from agricultural and forest products, and biodegradable portion of industrial and municipal waste. It is generally held that biofuels offer many benefits, including sustainability, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and security of supply. Various scenarios have led to the conclusion that biofuels will be in widespread use in the future energy systems. Biofuels can be converted into liquid and gaseous fuels through thermo-chemical and biological methods. Hence, a variety of fuels can be produced from biomass resources including liquid fuels such as methanol, biodiesel and Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methane. Biofuels are primarily use din vehicles but can also be used in engines or fuels cells for electricity generation. The figure below shows the types of biofuels. Definitions The term biodiesel is a combination of two terms: the Greek word for life ‘bio’ and ‘diesel’ from the last name of the inventor Rudolf Diesel. The term refers to the diesel equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources. It is a cleaner-burning diesel replacement fuel made from natural and renewable sources such as new and used vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is the name for a variety of ester-based oxygenated fuels from renewable biological sources. It can be made from processed organic oils and fats. Chemically, biodiesel is defined as the monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from renewable biolipids. In general terms, biodiesel may be defined as a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils like soybean oil that meets the specifications of ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) D 6751. While in technical terms, biodiesel is a diesel engine fuel comprised of monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100 and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751 (Demirbas, 2008:114; Shrivastava Jain published in Kumar Nehar 2007:32). Properties of Biodiesel Biodiesel is a clear amber-yellow colored liquid with a viscosity similar to that of petrodiesel. Biodiesel is non-inflammable and in contrast to petrodiesel is non-explosive, with a flash point of 423K for biodiesel as compared to 337K for petrodiesel. Unlike, petrodiesel, biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic and also significantly reduces toxic and other emissions when burned in a fuel. However, it is more expensive than petrodiesel, which appears to be the primary factor in preventing its more widespread use (Demirbas, 2008:115). The figure below shows the main technical properties of biodiesel. How to cite A study into Biodiesel as an alternative fuel, Papers

Nicotine Dependence and Smoking Cessation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Nicotine Dependence and Smoking Cessation. Answer: Introduction Health behavior is a person's beliefs and actions regarding their health and wellbeing. People have different beliefs and perceptions concerning their health. This explains why different people take different precautions when it comes to their health. Health behavior also determines the diet preferences of a person since the food that a person consumes influences their health greatly (Martin, Haskard-Zolnierek,DiMatteo, 2010).The health behavior of an individual determines how whether or not they are living a healthy lifestyle. The health behavior discussed in this report is smoking tobacco. Smoking tobacco is a habit that has detrimental effects on the health of a human being ( Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Bonnie, Stratton Wallace, 2007). This report discusses the steps taken to change the tobacco smoking behavior. The decisional balance matrix is used to identify the positive and negative aspects of the health behavior. A habit that needs change: Tobacco smoking habit Good things about behavior Smoking prevents Ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative colitis inflammatory bowel disease which is caused by the immune system attacking the gut. Smoking tobacco protects against Parkinson`s disease Tobacco smoking suppresses appetite and hence prevents obesity Good things about quitting smoking By quitting smoking, a person can breathe more easily and reduces coughing (Glanz, RimerViswanath, 2015).It means that their lung capacity improves by more than 10%. By quitting tobacco smoking, the blood circulation of an individual improves Energy levels in the body increase when a person is quitting and hence making a person more active ( Gochman, 2007). Quitting smoking is beneficial to an individual since the stress levels of an individual reduce significantly Quitting smoking improves individual's sex life. Improves senses of smell and taste Makes skin look young since it reduces aging Increases the lifespan of an individual and their general health Not so good things about tobacco smoking Causes breathing difficulties Brings about respiratory-related illnesses such as liver cancer( In Lillar, In Christopoulou, 2015) Tobacco smoking affects the heart Causes increased blood pressure and diabetes Incidences of erectile dysfunction are common among smokers Brings about social problems such as breaking of marriages Tobacco smoking brings about renal diseases and complications( Lluch, 2009). Smoking of tobacco affects breath and causes teeth discoloration Tobacco smoking has psychological effects on the users Not so good things about quitting tobacco smoking Withdrawal effects may cause a person to become less active By stopping smoking instantly, an individual can experience problems in seeing or may get constant headaches (Brizer Overdrive Inc, 2011) Brings about dizziness Increase in anxiety and mental confusion Depression The items on the list are equally important. It is because the items have a huge impact on the behavior change of an individual. To quit smoking, it is important to understand the pros and cons of quitting smoking ( Edberg, 2015). It is analyzed by determining the effects of tobacco smoking on health. The potential good things about smoking are also analyzed to weigh the two and determine whether or not the health behavior should be changed. By giving the items on the list equal importance or consideration, the need for behavior change can be determined and hence help to initiate the process of behavior change. From the analysis of the pros and cons of tobacco smoking using the decision matrix model, it is easy to gauge the motivation to change the behavior. Motivation to quit smoking is very high. It is because the cons of smoking are more than the pros of smoking. The disadvantage of tobacco smoking to health are very many compared to the good things experienced with smoking.The motivation for changing the smoking behavior is guided by the need to live a healthy lifestyle and avoid the shortcomings that come with the smoking habit. The smoking habit has much health, social and psychological effects on a smoker have a huge negative impact on health and hence the great motivation to achieve the change in behavior( Little, SillenceJoinson, 2016). My score of readiness to change is 4 out of 5. I think it is very important to quit smoking because the habit has already started affecting my health and am already addicted. I have huge confidence that I will change because I before I never understood the effects that smoking has on my health. I gave myself four and not three or two because I have the will and passion for changing since having been thinking about quitting smoking for a while now ( Owens, 2015). I will also get professional advice to quit smoking and hence the huge confident I have in quitting the habit. I think it is very important for me to change the smoking habit to avoid suffering the effects of poor health that come to some a result of smoking. My score on the importance of changing the behavior is five out of five. It is because I understand how cigarette smoking affects my health and hence I think its very important to change the habit. I would give myself a higher confidence score on the confidence I have in changing the habit if I changed the friends with whom I spend most of my time. It is because most of them are smokers and hence may affect my rehabilitation program. Conclusion The pros of smoking include preventing Parnkington disease, suppresses appetite and hence preventing obesity. Another importance of smoking is that it prevents Ulcerative colitis. The cons of smoking habit are however more and have a great effect more than the pros. Tobacco smoking causes blood pressure and liver diseases, psychological problems as well as social problems. I have great confidence that I will be able to change the behavior because am committed to begin physical exercise and to keep myself busier to help reduce the number of cigarettes is smoke per day. I believe it is important for me to quit smoking because of the potential negative health effects that it has on my health. References Brizer, D., Overdrive Inc. (2011). Quitting Smoking For Dummies. S.I.: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Edberg, M. C. (2015). Essentials of health behavior: Social and behavioral theory in public health. Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., Viswanath, K. (2015). Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice. Health Behavior Change: Theories, Methods,and Interventions. (2017). Routledge. Institute of Medicine (U.S.)., Bonnie, R. J., Stratton, K. R., Wallace, R. B. (2007). Ending the tobacco problem: A blueprint for the nation. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. In Gochman, D. S. (2007). Handbook of Health Behavior Research IV: Relevance for Professionals and Issues for the Future. In Lillard, D. R., In Christopoulou, R. (2015). Life-course smoking behavior: Patterns and national context in ten countries. Little, L., Sillence, E., Joinson, A. (2016). Behavior Change Research and Theory: Psychological and Technological Perspectives. Saint Louis: Elsevier Science. Lluch, A. (2009). Simple Principles to quit smoking. San Diego, Calif: WS Publishing Group. Martin, L. R., Haskard-Zolnierek, K. B., DiMatteo, M. R. (2010). Health behavior change and treatment adherence: Evidence-based guidelines for improving healthcare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Owens, C. L. (2015). Nicotine dependence, smoking cessation and effects of secondhand smoke.

Theory Drilling Machines Flashcard

Theory Drilling Machines

10 ways to improve efficiency as a recruiter to get ahead

10 ways to improve efficiency as a recruiter to get ahead Attention recruiters- as the folks who are at the front lines for ensuring that companies and organizations are staffed with the best and brightest employees available, your jobs are critical to their success.LinkedIn published an article that provided compelling reasons why recruiters today are key to organizations: â€Å"Now, in today’s economic environment and marketplace,  recruiters are more important than ever, especially for those companies that are able to find and secure the services of an experienced search firm with an extensive track record of success.† The author reasons that superstar candidates can be difficult to find and court, as they usually receive multiple offers from top-level organizations and often need to be wooed and properly recruited in order to get them to seriously consider joining an organization.The Balance recently released an article that highlights tips for ensuring that recruiters perform their roles as effectively as possible- use these tips to maximize your efficiency and success.1. Improve your candidate pool.A better talent pool will bring better talent to your organization. In order to make sure you’re searching for the best potential candidates regardless of the position you’re hiring for, make sure you do the following: invest time to forge relationships with college and university career placement offices and executive search firms, use professional association resources and network at professional industry events, keep an eye out for strong potential candidates on online job boards, and take full advantage of available resources on LinkedIn and other online social media outlets.2. Hire the sure thing.As a recruiter you have to trust your instincts. Untested new potential talent that grabs your attention could be a smart gamble, but it is a risk- do you want to put your reputation on the line for a roll of the dice? When you come across real talent with a proven track record, background, and skillset you’ll know it, and these are the sorts of individuals you should go after.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});3. Look in-house first.Always work to make sure that your company is using its existing staff resources to its fullest potential before looking outside for talent. Why? Because in-house candidates have already been tried and tested on some level and already have a feel for how the organization operates. Plus, you know how they’ll fit into the company’s culture, which is always a big question mark when bringing someone new aboard. On top of this, if you go â€Å"outside first† and existing staff gets the feeling that new opportunities that arise aren’t open to them, they may start looking for their next big opportunities elsewhere.4. Help build your company’s rep.Sure, a big part of your job as a recruiter is to hunt for and source top talent from far and wide, but if your company has a re p as being a fantastic place to work, top talent will flock to you- making your job much easier and letting you be more effective and efficient.5. Get other employees involved.Although it’s important for any recruiter worth their paycheck to have an extensive network of contacts and professional insiders in the industry they’re hiring for, if you utilize the networks and contacts of fellow employees your universe will expand exponentially- opening you up to a world of new and potentially valuable candidates.6. Offer more.This one seems obvious, but it bears repeating because it’s such a core tenet of human behavior and recruitment psychology. If you want to lure top talent in any industry, you have to be more than competitive regarding the pay package being offered. Make sure to stay on top of industry trends regarding compensation, and make sure that your company is at the head of the pack in terms of offerings.7. Use your perks to your advantage.Beyond the pay package, does your company offer any additional perks to attract potential candidates? Everything from reimbursement for continuing education to vacation discounts and free snacks/meals can help attract top talent and sway them your way when making a job decision, and you never know how important a perk may be to someone who’s considering working at your company- so be sure to play all of your perk cards when recruiting.8. Hire for strengths.Hiring strong people may seem like another obvious point, but you’d be surprised by how many recruiters ignore this fundamental fact and go after an unorthodox candidate who could potentially be a positive disruptor of the status quo in their organizations- which could backfire fantastically. What does The Balance recommend? â€Å"Hire for strengths; don’t expect to develop weak areas of performance, habits, and talents. Build on what is great about your new employee in the first place.†9. Make the most of your compa ny website.A great website will attract new talent to your company, making your job easier. If there’s a clear, well designed, and user friendly career section with information on open job opportunities, even better. Any worthy potential candidate will check out your company’s website- likely before an interview but undoubtedly after one. A weak or sloppy website will not be a check mark in the pro column for candidates thinking about whether to work at your company.10. Check references.Even if you’re completely dazzled by the resume of a potential candidate and are eager to get them on board as quickly as possible, take a pause and be sure to devote the time needed to do an extensive reference check. This is always time well spent, and you may learn some information about a candidate that could affect your initial decision.Bottom line: The more efficiently you do your job as a recruiter, the more your company benefits- both in the short term and the long run. U se the tips presented here to take your recruiting efforts to the next level. Good luck, and happy hunting!

Pursa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pursa - Essay Example What can explain this drop in voter interest? It just might be that the educated masses of this country, among them the large middle class, are just tired of seeing new faces but no change in policy. Hence they decide that it does not make a difference, and it is better just not to vote. It matters not whether the elected Presidents are Republican or Democrat, they continue making the same noises and go through the same motions, when the truth is that the only needs that are being served are those of the capitalists and the corporations they own. Among the many critiques of democracy as a system of Government are that it just counts the number of votes, and does not weigh them. Thus the vote of a poor illiterate farmer would be equal in importance to that of a college educated graduate (Dahl, 1989, 12). Secondly, the corporations and the capitalists have so ruined the transparency of the system that it does not matter who gets elected to the Presidency, the funding of both participan ts ensures that the interests of the big corporations and their owners are kept uppermost. For all his rhetoric about change, President Obama has not managed to get us out of the financial crisis that has enveloped America due to the sub-prime mortgage fiasco and risk exposures that resulted in the collapse of Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch and others. Despite the bailout packages that rescued some banking institutions and the automobile industry in Detroit, the major loss was still to the American public who lost their homes, cars and jobs in an economic downturn that still persists. Unemployment is still at 9 percent in some States and public confidence at an all time low. The real problem lies in the system itself. If bankers can go on robbing the public through first making loans to clients with high default risks, pocketing fees and commissions in the

How to Be a Better Learner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to Be a Better Learner - Essay Example The researcher states that every one of us has his own unique good or bad style of learning new things. Learning preferences change depending upon past experience more than the cognitive differences. â€Å"Style changes over time†, says Dr. Sarah Church. While it is possible to recognize different essential features of a learning style, it must be known that the learning process modifies with the passage of time at the individual level. Robotham also asserts that once students develop a learning style, they tend to refine that style based on three factors: unconscious modifications made by the learner himself, conscious modifications made by the learner, and modifications made by some outside element. The researcher’s past experience tells him that he has adapted quite a few learning styles over time. When the author was a child, he used to enjoy the audio learning style because he enjoyed listening to poems over the cassette player when he had to learn them. But today, the author categorizes himself as a visual independent learner and an assimilator of Kolb’s learning styles. Independent learning is the type of learning in which the learner takes charge of his learning process, according to Holec. This learning style makes the learner responsible as he knows that he is accountable to himself of the consequences. Independent learners are able to make a decision and make informed choices without relying on their teachers and colleagues. Dependent learning style is one in which the learner only does what is required and shows little curiosity in knowing more. Dependent learners are always looking up to their peers, teachers and authority figures for support and guidance.

Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans Essay - 1

Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans - Essay Example ntiation generic strategy with the market development grand strategy that would be instrumental in increasing the market share and financial income by as much as 20% per annum for the 3rd year and too increase further to 30% from the 4th to 5th years. Implementation of Differentiation Generic Strategy: (1) Caribou should enhance visibility with the positive attributes at the core of their mission and vision statements (Bockstedt & Goh, 2012, p. 237) by increasing advertisements and promotional efforts; (2) Caribou should build customer loyalty through differentiating the Caribou brand from other specialty coffee brands in terms of focusing on the quality advantage; (3) Caribou should not only focus on satisfying customers; but more so, on delighting them and providing them with exemplary personalized experience as they purchase the company’s products. approximately 7 new stores per annum for the 3rd to 4th years and to increase to 10 stores per annum starting on the 5th year; (2) Caribou is renovating the current store within the Chicago market; (3) it will reintroduce a unique brand to the residents that has a customized Chicago-centric look and taste; (4) Caribou should expand beyond United States and would start operation in the Middle East, Colombia, and some parts of Europe starting from the 3rd year to the 5th year time period. From among the noted activities for the strategies identified, the following are emphasized: (1) development of a franchising pipeline in the non-traditional locations like airports, offices, and hospitals within United States; (2) opening of new stores within strategic locations in the U.S.; (3) renovation of the Chicago store; (4) expansion to international markets. The milestones include: (1) the expansion which would mark the company first-owned store for the past five years; (2) expanding into international markets; and (3) renovating the current store in the Chicago market. Current and future resources would be primarily

Machine Learning in Malware Detection

Machine Learning in Malware Detection 1.0 Background Research Malware was first created in 1949 by John von Neumann. Ever since then, more and more malwares are created. Antivirus company are constantly looking for a method that is the most effective in detecting malware. One of the most famous method used by antivirus company in detecting malware is the signature based detection. But over the years, the growth of malware is increasing uncontrollably. Until recent year, the signature based detection have been proven ineffective against the growth of malware. In this research, I have chosen another method for malware detection which is implementing machine learning method on to malware detection. Using the dataset that I get from Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge (BIG 2015), I will find an algorithm that will be able to detect malware effectively with low false positive error. 1.1 Problem Statement With the growth of technology, the number of malware are also increasing day by day. Malware now are designed with mutation characteristic which causes an enormous growth in number of the variation of malware (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). Not only that, with the help of automated malware generated tools, novice malware author is now able to easily generate a new variation of malware (Lanzi, A. et al., 2010). With these growths in new malware, traditional signature based malware detection are proven to be ineffective against the vast variation of malware (Feng, Z. et al., 2015). On the other hand, machine learning methods for malware detection are proved effective against new malwares. At the same time, machine learning methods for malware detection have a high false positive rate for detecting malware (Feng, Z. et al., 2015). 1.2 Objective To investigate on how to implement machine learning to malware detection in order to detection unknown malware. To develop a malware detection software that implement machine learning to detect unknown malware. To validate that malware detection that implement machine learning will be able to achieve a high accuracy rate with low false positive rate. 1.3 Theoretical / Conceptual Framework 1.4 Significance With Machine Learning in Malware detection that have a high accuracy and low false positive rate, it will help end user to be free from fear malware damaging their computer. As for organization, they will have their system and file to be more secure. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Overview Traditional security product uses virus scanner to detect malicious code, these scanner uses signature which created by reverse engineering a malware. But with malware that became polymorphic or metamorphic the traditional signature based detection method used by anti-virus is no long effective against the current issue of malware (Willems, G., Holz, T. Freiling, F., 2007). In current anti-malware products, there are two main task to be carried out from the malware analysis process, which are malware detection and malware classification. In this paper, I am focusing on malware detection. The main objective of malware detection is to be able to detect malware in the system. There are two type of analysis for malware detection which are dynamic analysis and static analysis. For effective and efficient detection, the uses of feature extraction are recommended for malware detection (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). There are various type of detection method, the method that we are using will b e detecting through hex and assembly file of the malware. Feature will be extracted from both hex view and assembly view of malware files. After extracting feature to its category, all category is to be combine into one feature vector for the classifier to run on them (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). For feature selection, separating binary file into blocks to be compare the similarities of malware binaries. This will reduce the analysis overhead which cause the process to be faster (Kim, T.G., Kang, B. Im, E.G., 2013). To build a learning algorithm, feature that are extracted with the label will be undergo classification with using any classification method for example Random Forest, Neural Network, N-gram, KNN and many others, but Support Vector Machine (VCM) is recommended for the presence of noise in the extracted feature and the label (Stewin, P. Bystrov, I., 2016). As to generate result, the learning model is to test with dataset with label to generate a graph which indicate detec tion rate and false positive rate. To find the best result, repeat the process using many other classification and create learning model to test on the same dataset. The best result will the one graph that has the highest detection rate and lowest false positive rates (Lanzi, A. et al., 2010). 2.2 Dynamic and Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis runs the malware in a simulated environment which usually will be a sandbox, then within the sandbox the malware is executed and being observe its behavior. Two approaches for dynamic analysis that is comparing image of the system before and after the malware execution, and monitors the malware action during the execution with the help of a debugger. The first approach usually give a report which will be able to obtain similar report via binary observation while the other approach is more difficult to implement but it gives a more detailed report about the behavior of the malware (Willems, G., Holz, T. Freiling, F., 2007). Static Analysis will be studying the malware without executing it which causing this method to be more safe comparing to dynamic analysis. With this method, we will dissemble the malware executable into binary file and hex file. Then study the opcode within both file to compare with a pre-generated opcode profile in order to search for malicious code that exist within the malware executable (Santos, I. et al., 2013). All malware detection will be needed either Static Analysis or Dynamic Analysis. In this paper, we will be focusing on Static Analysis (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). This is because, Dynamic analysis has a drawback, it can only run analysis on 1 malware at a time, making the whole analysis process to take a long time, as we have many malware that needed to be analysis (Willems, G., Holz, T. Freiling, F., 2007). As for Static Analysis, it mainly uses to analyze hex code file and assembly code file, and compare to Dynamic Analysis, Static Analysis take much short time and it is more convenient to analyze malware file as it can schedule to scan all the file at once even in offline (Tabish, S.M., Shafiq, M.Z. Farooq, M., 2009). 2.3 Features Extraction For an effective and efficient classification, it will be wise to extract feature from both hex view file and assembly view file in order to retrieve a complementary date from both hex and assembly view file (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). Few types of feature that are extracted from the hex view file and assembly view file, which is N-gram, Entropy, Image Representative, String Length, Symbol, Operation Code, Register, Application Programming Interface, Section, Data Define, Miscellaneous (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). For N-gram feature, it usually used to classify a sequence of action in different areas. The sequence of malware execution could be capture by N-gram during feature extraction (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016).   For Entropy feature, it extracts the probability of uncertainty in a series of byte in the malware executable file, these probability of uncertainty is depending on the amount of information on the executable file (Lyda, R.,Hamrock, J,. 2007). For Image Representative feature, the malware binary file is being read into 8-bit vector file, then organize into a 2D array file. The 2D array file can be visualize as a black and gray image whereas grey are the bit and byte of the file, this feature look fo r common in bit arrangement in the malware binary file (Nataraj, L. et al., 2011). For String Length feature, we open each malware executable file and view it in hex view file and extract out all ASCII string from the malware executable, but because it is difficult to only extract the actual string without extract other non-useful element, it is required to choose important string among the extracted (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). For Operation Code features, Operation code also known as Opcode are a type of instruction syllable in the machine language. In malware detection, different Opcode and their frequency is extracted and to compare with non-malicious software, different set of Opcodes are identifiable for either malware or non-malware (Bilar, D., n.d.). For Register feature, the number of register usage are able to assist in malware classification as register renaming are used to make malware analysis more difficult to detect it (Christodorescu, M., Song, D. Bryant, R.E., 2005). For Application Programming Interface feature, API calling are code that call the function of other software in our case it will be Windows API. There are large number of type of API calls in malicious and non-malicious software, is hard to differentiate them, because of this we will be focusing on top frequent used API calls in malware binaries in order to bring the result closer (Top maliciously used apis, 2017). For Data Define feature, because not all of malware contains API calls, and these malware that does not have any API calls they are mainly contain of operation code which usually are db, dw, dd, there are sets of features (DP) that are able to define malware (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). For Miscellaneous feature, we choose a few word that most malware have in common from the malware dissemble file (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). Among so many feature, the most appropriate feature for our research will be N-gram, and Opcode. This is because it is proven that there two feature have the highest accuracy with low logloss. This two feature appears frequently in malware file and it already have sets of well-known features for malware. But the drawback using N-gram and Opcode are they require a lot of resource to process and take a lot of time (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). We will also try other feature to compare with N-gram and Opcode to verified the result. 2.4 Classification In this section, we will not review about the algorithm or mathematical formula of a classifier but rather their nature to able to have advantage over certain condition in classifying malware feature. The type of classifier that we will review will be Nearest Neighbor, NaÃÆ' ¯ve Bayes, Decision tree, Support Vector Machine and XGBOOST [21] (Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007) (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). As we need a classifier to train our data with the malware feature, we will need to review the classifier to choose the most appropriate classifier that are able to have the best result. The Nearest Neighbor classifier are one of the simplest method for classifying and it is normally implement in case-based reasoning [21]. As for NaÃÆ' ¯ve Bayes, it usually generates simply and constraint model and not suitable for irregular data input, which make it not suitable for malware classification because that the data in malware classification are not regular (Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007). For Decision Tree, it classify feature by sorting them into tree node base on their feature values and each branch represent the node value. Decision Tree will determine either try or false based on node value, which make it difficult to dealt with unknown feature that are not stored in tree node (Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007). For Support Vector Machine, it has a complexity model which enable it to deal with lar ge amount of feature and still be able to obtain good result from it, which make it suitable for malware classification as malware contains large number of feature (Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007). For XGBOOST, it is a scalable tree boosting system which win many machine learning competition by achieving state of art result. The advantage for XGBOOST, it is suitable for most of any scenario and it run faster than most of other classification technique (Chen, T., n.d.). To choose a Classification for our malware analysis, we will be choosing XGBOOST, as it is suitable for malware classification, it also recommended by winner from Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). But we will also use Support Vector Machine, as it too is suitable for malware classification and we will use it to compare the result with XGBOOST to get a more accurate result. References   Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016. Novel Feature Extraction, Selection and Fusion for Effective Malware Family Classification. ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy, pp.183-194. Available at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2857705.2857713. Amin, M. Maitri, 2016. A Survey of Financial Losses Due to Malware. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies ICTCS 16, pp.1-4. Available at: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2905055.2905362. Berlin, K., Slater, D. Saxe, J., 2015. Malicious Behavior Detection Using Windows Audit Logs. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security, pp.35-44. Available at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2808769.2808773. Feng, Z. et al., 2015. HRSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Hybrid Framework for Malware Detection. , (10), pp.19-26. Han, K., Lim, J.H. Im, E.G., 2013. Malware analysis method using visualization of binary files. Proceedings of the 2013 Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems, pp.317-321. Kim, T.G., Kang, B. Im, E.G., 2013. Malware classification method via binary content comparison. Information (Japan), 16(8 A), pp.5773-5788. Kà ¼Ãƒ §Ãƒ ¼ksille, E.U., Yalà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±nkaya, M.A. Uà §ar, O., 2014. Physical Dangers in the Cyber Security and Precautions to be Taken. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks SIN 14, pp.310-317. Available at: http://dl.acm.org.proxy1.athensams.net/citation.cfm?id=2659651.2659731. Lanzi, A. et al., 2010. AccessMiner: Using System-Centric Models for Malware Protection. Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security CCS10, pp.399-412. Available at: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1866353%5Cnhttp://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1866307.1866353. Nicholas, C. Brandon, R., 2015. Document Engineering Issues in Document Analysis. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Symposium on Document Engineering, pp.229-230. Available at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2682571.2801033. Patanaik, C.K., Barbhuiya, F.A. Nandi, S., 2012. Obfuscated malware detection using API call dependency. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Security of Internet of Things SecurIT 12, pp.185-193. Available at: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84879830981partnerID=tZOtx3y1. Pluskal, O., 2015. Behavioural Malware Detection Using Efficient SVM Implementation. RACS Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on research in adaptive and convergent systems, pp.296-301. Santos, I. et al., 2013. Opcode sequences as representation of executables for data-mining-based unknown malware detection. Information Sciences, 231, pp.64-82. Stewin, P. Bystrov, I., 2016. Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment, Available at: http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/dimva/dimva2012.html#StewinB12. Willems, G., Holz, T. Freiling, F., 2007. Toward automated dynamic malware analysis using CWSandbox. IEEE Security and Privacy, 5(2), pp.32-39. Tabish, S.M., Shafiq, M.Z. Farooq, M., 2009. Malware detection using statistical analysis of byte-level file content. Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on CyberSecurity and Intelligence Informatics CSI-KDD 09, pp.23-31. Available at: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1599272.1599278. Lyda, R.,Hamrock, J,. 2007.Using Entropy Analysis to Find Encrypted and Packed Malware. Nataraj, L. et al., 2011. Malware Imagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Visualization and Automatic Classification. Bilar, D., Statistical Structuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Fingerprinting Malware for Classification and Analysis Why Structural Fingerprintingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯? Christodorescu, M., Song, D. Bryant, R.E., 2005. Semantics-Aware Malware Detection. Top maliciously used apis. https: //www.bnxnet.com/top-maliciously-used-apis/, 2017. Weiss, S.M. Kapouleas, I., 1989. An Empirical Comparison of Pattern Recognition , Neural Nets , and Machine Learning Classification Methods. , pp.781-787. Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007. Supervised Machine Learningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Review of Classification Techniques. , 31, pp.249-268. Chen, T., XGBoostà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Scalable Tree Boosting System.

Is Copy Protection Cracking Ethical? Essay -- Technology Hackers Copyr

Is Copy Protection Cracking Ethical? Introduction There are many types of hackers in the world. One group of hackers focuses on breaking copy protection schemes. Copy protection schemes prevent the illegal copying of software, music, etc. By cracking these schemes, people are then able to use and copy the item without the copy protection preventing or hindering their use. This process is commonly known as cracking and the hackers involved in the process are known as crackers. Cracking is commonly viewed as an illegal act in many countries as it is typically used to steal copies of the copyrighted item. However, there are benefits to cracking. It can remove the inconveniences the copy protection scheme imposes on users and in some cases allow users to work around incompatibilities with the copy protection. So the question comes down to, is it ethical for someone to crack copy protection schemes? What is Copy Protection? Copy protection comes in many forms. Its primary purpose is to prevent a person from making a perfect copy of the original. Since the creation of CD burners this technology allows copyright owners to prevent someone from making copies of their intellectual property and either giving them away for free or selling them at a cheaper price without paying royalties to the copyright owner. One type of protection is used on software products. This protection comes in two pieces. The first piece prevents a user from copying the CD. This is usually done by having a portion of the CD unreadable by CD drives. The second portion of the protection requires that the user insert the CD in the drive in order to use the application. This check involves validating the CD as an original CD which would include look... ...f the property then it is unethical. References Stanford University, Stanford Copyright & Fair Use, 2003 http://fairuse.stanford.edu/ US Copyright Office, Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 Summary, December 1998 http://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf World Intellectual Property Organization, The Collection of Laws for Electronic Access, http://clea.wipo.int/ Business Software Alliance, Global Piracy Study, 2002 http://global.bsa.org/globalstudy/ Game Copy World, 2004 http://www.gamecopyworld.com Business Software Alliance, BSA Logo, 2004 SecuROM, 2004 http://www.securom.com SafeDisc, 2004 http://www.safedisc.com Harvard Law School, DeCSS FAQ, 2000 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/DVD/dvd-discuss-faq.html Wired News, DVD-Cracking Teen Acquitted, January 2003 http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,57107,00.html

Employment and Volkswagen

Explain what is novel and distinctive about the VW model The Volkswagen model is novel and distinctive by 3 concepts which I'll define below. First, the concept of the  «Ã‚  28,8 hour working week  » which basically replaced the former concept  «Ã‚   To save labor costs layoffs are inevitable  » Indeed, by keep the same wages while cutting the working hours of their employees innovates. Therefore, they are able to save 20% of the annual costs with this method. That allows the board of volkswagen to meet the requirements of the works council which were among other things to remain with the same wages. Besides, concerning the job ecurity, as far as some workers are concerned by the temporary works, that would be able in that case to transfer from one plant to another. Obviously, the suitability regarding the new plant would be carefully reviewed case by case according to their competencies and experience. As a matter of fact, the workers will not be able to decline an offer for an other job if it fits them. This has been also agreed by the collective bargaining agreement. Moreover, Volkswagen distributed all annual special payments to its workers. The change to the  «Ã‚  28,8 hour working week  » also shifted the numbers of the working days.Indeed, most employees switched to four day working week while regarding the needs of departments some switched from three to five day working week. The second new element is the  Ã‚ «Ã‚  contract  Ã‚ » between the newcomers in the market, that is to say the young people and the old ones. Indeed while being still at school in apprenticeship, the young generation of future workers would be offered the possibitlity to get into the world of labour step by step until reaching the final stage which would be a full-employment within volkswagen. Nonetheless, they will have the conditions of the part time work.Whereas, the situation is the reverse for the old generation, hence, as soon they reach 56 they can already re duce their working time and even more when they will get to their 59. So, their schedule can be reduced to 24 hours at 56 and 20 at 59. Even if Volkswagen still got to improve some points to make this measure more attractive, this aims to soflty replace the older generation and give full-employment to the young generation. This also supposed to rise the productivity. That leads us to our third element, the qualification element. Volkswagen wants their workers to e as competitive as possible and meet 4 main characteristics, To be multiskilled and mutli- functional; mobile;creative and human. To reach their goal their They target single employees from 18 to 30 and they train trough programmes to make them fulfill to the The needs of the company which are the flexibility and a  «Ã‚  highly-skilled workforce  Ã‚ » which result to a win win situation for both as during this time Volkswagen is receiving governmental subsidy while train the future  «Ã‚  high manpower standard  Ã‚ » . secure the job for the employee and gives Volkswagen a rising productivity

Bronx Tale Questions

From A Bronx Tale You can be anything you want to be. Remember the saddest thing in life is wasted talent. You can have all the talent, but if you don’t do the right thing, nothing happens. But when you do the right thing, guess what, good things happen. ***** Mickey Mantle don’t care about you, so why should you care about him? Nobody cares. ***** Trouble is like a cancer and you got to get it early. Nobody cares. Worry about yourself, your family, the people who are important. **** The people in the neighborhood who see me every day who are on my side, they feel safe because they know I’m close. That gives them more reason to love me. But the people who want to do otherwise, they think twice and that gives them more reason to fear me. It is better to loved or feared? It’s nice to be both, but it’s difficult. But if I had my choice, I’d rather be feared. Fear lasts longer than love. The trick is not to be hated. *****I tell your son to stay in school and go to college. You don’t understand – it’s the clothes, the cars, it’s the money, it’s everything – I treat him like he’s my son. He’s not your son. He’s my son. ***** Sonny’s right. The working man is a sucker. He’s wrong. It don’t take much strength to pull a trigger but try to get up every morning day after day and work for a living. Let’s see him do that. And then we’ll see who’s the real tough guy. The working man is.Your father is the tough guy. ***** They don’t respect him; they fear him. There’s a big difference. You want to be somebody? Be somebody who works for a living and takes care of his family. The saddest thing in life is wasted talent. ***** Don’t blow it, son. These people will hurt you, son. Don’t waste your talent, son. Be careful, C. Don’t lose it, C. Keep your head, C. ***** Don’t you trust anybody? Tha t’s a terrible way to live. For me, it’s the only way. Not for me, not for me.

Free Essays on Tabloids

When standing in the checkout line at the grocery store we have all caught ourselves reading tabloid headlines such as â€Å"Elvis is Alive†, â€Å"Batboy Born†, or â€Å"Abdominal Snowman Rapes Girl†. We sometimes even find ourselves picking one up and thumbing through the pages as we wait. Since their creation long, long ago society has stereotyped tabloids, their readers, and their writers. They all have held a very negative image. Picture what comes to mind when you think of someone who reads the tabloids on a regular basis, or how about the writers. Well, I am sure you probably get the same mental picture as most of America. I would like to go over these stereotypes of tabloid readers and writers, and dismiss some of them. Society has stereotyped tabloid readers to be unintelligent, low-income, silly people. According to S. Bird †For Enquirering Minds†, â€Å"An element in the stereotype of tabloid readers is that they are lonely misfits, shut-ins, or other people who lead sad lives.† (141) People don’t think that â€Å"normal people† read or believe in the tabloids, but that must not be the case. According to statistics compiled by Bird the combined weekly circulation of the six major supermarket tabloids during their peak in the 80’s rounded around ten million issues, with an estimated readership of fifty million. Fifty million Americans who were reading the tabloids cannot all be misfits or shut-ins. Obviously, tabloids are offering readers something they want. Despite this tabloids are still defined as the epitome of trash reading. Studies were done by two groups of men, Salwen and Anderson (1984) and Lehnert and Perpich (1982) to try to uncover who tabloid readers actually are and why they enjoy reading the tabloids. Salwen and Anderson found that the â€Å"typical buyer† of the tabloids were mostly white, predominately female, middle-aged to older people. The majority reported a career in skilled or cleri... Free Essays on Tabloids Free Essays on Tabloids When standing in the checkout line at the grocery store we have all caught ourselves reading tabloid headlines such as â€Å"Elvis is Alive†, â€Å"Batboy Born†, or â€Å"Abdominal Snowman Rapes Girl†. We sometimes even find ourselves picking one up and thumbing through the pages as we wait. Since their creation long, long ago society has stereotyped tabloids, their readers, and their writers. They all have held a very negative image. Picture what comes to mind when you think of someone who reads the tabloids on a regular basis, or how about the writers. Well, I am sure you probably get the same mental picture as most of America. I would like to go over these stereotypes of tabloid readers and writers, and dismiss some of them. Society has stereotyped tabloid readers to be unintelligent, low-income, silly people. According to S. Bird †For Enquirering Minds†, â€Å"An element in the stereotype of tabloid readers is that they are lonely misfits, shut-ins, or other people who lead sad lives.† (141) People don’t think that â€Å"normal people† read or believe in the tabloids, but that must not be the case. According to statistics compiled by Bird the combined weekly circulation of the six major supermarket tabloids during their peak in the 80’s rounded around ten million issues, with an estimated readership of fifty million. Fifty million Americans who were reading the tabloids cannot all be misfits or shut-ins. Obviously, tabloids are offering readers something they want. Despite this tabloids are still defined as the epitome of trash reading. Studies were done by two groups of men, Salwen and Anderson (1984) and Lehnert and Perpich (1982) to try to uncover who tabloid readers actually are and why they enjoy reading the tabloids. Salwen and Anderson found that the â€Å"typical buyer† of the tabloids were mostly white, predominately female, middle-aged to older people. The majority reported a career in skilled or cleri...

Communitarian and Cosmopolitan VIews of Citizenship Essay

Communitarian and Cosmopolitan VIews of Citizenship - Essay Example Nationality is therefore defined in terms of place of birth while citizenship is defined in terms of the rights that have been acquired that enables one to participated in the decision making process of the nation. Citizenship can be acquired and at the same time it can be lost. Therefore it can be defined as when a citizen is legally allowed to live in a country. (Pike 2000, p. 82) It has been shown the principle of citizenship arose from the concept of creation of social orders. The concept of citizenship can be traced to have been developing from the Greek civilization when there were efforts to define what could be considered as national citizenship and global citizenship. If we take a close look at the Marshall's work on successive emergence of civil, political and society right in citizenship, there is a clear evidence that citizenship arose from the need to have social order. In this definition we will find the citizenship has been used as a market of membership in the polities raging from the pre-modern city states and empires to the current status of global citizenship that has been well applied all over the world. (Heater 2004, p. 42) The concept of citizenship can be traced to many years ago when there were efforts by ... Though it was by then limited to only the state, it has been expanding to include the view of global citizenship. But there were also efforts by the Greek philosophers to try and define the concept of global citizenship. For example Greek Cynic philosopher Diogenes replied many people that he was a citizen of the world. There have been many philosophers since then who have expressed that their citizenship belongs to the world. Implication and application of the citizenship Citizenships has bee applied well in the modern societies. It has been used to define membership to a nation. In this case it has been successfully used to define citizens and outsiders or foreigners. Citizenship has been used to define who belongs to nation and those who doesn't belong. Those who are considered as citizens are given the rights to vote in that particular nation while those who are not citizens though living in a nation are not allowed to vote. Therefore it has been used to define political rights that are given to individuals. Citizenship has become one of the most controversial issues in the modern world. There have been conflicts of foreigners living in a nation and the issue of immigrants and their status has not escaped the world either. Citizenship has implied to mean the actual number of those who legally allowed participation in the affairs of a country. Cosmopolitan and communitarian view In the view of cosmopolitan's paradigm, cosmopolitan citizenship is defined in terms of freedom. In this case it is seen as way in which the capacity of individual to look into the possibility of personal choice within the social system is considered as the ultimate object that

Neurology Clerkship Thesis Chapter 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Neurology Clerkship Chapter 4 - Thesis Example In addition, the problems and sub-problems that directed the researcher were defined in detail. This research explained the effectiveness of instructional materials used by medical lecturers when preparing medical students for future tasks. From this chapter, it will be evident that the principles of effective teaching of the past decade have come of age. Nowadays, technology has evolved, and there is a need for effective teaching techniques for doctors. The research has demonstrated the existence of a technology-driven era of medicine. From statistics, it is clear that there have been increases in the use of modern technology in the field of medical education. The first chapter enlisted modern technology used in medical schools. This includes interactive whiteboards, and Apple’s iPad and the iBook that are used to access the eBook. More recently, as evidenced in the first chapter of this research, many medical colleges have incorporated E-learning in their educational strategies, especially the use of eBooks. Educational experts argue that eBooks are often portable and facilitate learning ‘on the go.’ Moreover, medical institutions prefer eBooks because it encourages self-directed learning, which is very essential to every doctor in the practice. The chapter concludes by listing the main assumptions used while conducting this research. There was a total of six assumptions, and all this concentrated on the issue of familiarization with eBook applications. Furthermore, there was the definition of all necessary terms to be used in the research, and the main limitations encountered during the research process. The second chapter examined the body of language that exist in the developing and designing of an instructional eBook for medical students within a clinical setting. There was a systematic review of the literature and the chapter started off by discussing the best practices for clinical instruction. It is important to

Targets operation in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Targets operation in Canada - Essay Example The retail store failed miserably in its market strategies such as pricing. This stands out as a major influence on customers. From the start, Canadian shoppers felt that the prices maintained by Target were too high while compared to other stores. It created a perception that it was the most expensive among its competitors. Targets management was not observant and reactive about pricing. They failed to see the power of low pricing in Wal-Mart Canada. Additionally, Target did not compensate for its higher pricing with better services. The customers’ experience at Target stores was not good and prices made it worse. It has been shown that some customers are willing to forego a slight increase in price provided the experience they receive is a stand-out feature from the rest of the competition. Other competitors had the edge in pricing as well as customer service. Only 18% of the respondents questioned by Forum Research said that they were very satisfied with Target. This percen tage was the lowest level of satisfaction among all the other competitors. This shows that   Target’s management did not prioritize customer satisfaction.The supply chain management also attributed to the failure of the business in Canada. Customers were not pleased by empty shelves in stores. However, stocks were piling up in Target’s warehouses at a faster rate they were being sold. There were delays that caused the goods from hitting the shelves on time. Target’s supply chain was marred by inconsistencies between the actual inventory level and the computer records. There were delays caused by verification of the inventory. The shipments needed to be verified manually. This is a time-consuming process that increased work for the store workers while also leaving the shelves empty.

Effects of Divorce on Children Essay Example for Free

Effects of Divorce on Children Essay Although divorce is now allowed by law in some countries, it is still unhealthy for a family especially in the presence of a child. Due to the fact that they are still young, the children often do not understand why some couples need to separate and they respond in a variety of ways that parents should understand and deal with. When the divorce is settled, the children might wonder why their father or their mother is no longer around and this might be quite hard to explain to a young mind. This produces short and long term effects on the children and even sometimes causes teenagers to rebel against their parents causing more problems than there already is. Another issue regarding children and divorce is who will have custody of the children and alimony. Usually, the mother gets custody over the children while the father still provides financial support. Depending on the situation, the custody is being granted to the father. One problem about divorce is that couples think that the matter is only between them; failing to consider what effects it would have on their children. Little do they know that the changes that will occur once the divorce takes effect will have many negative effects on children. In a case to case basis, children might feel different because of the many changes that will take place once the divorce becomes effective such as changes in schedules and daily routines as well loss of contact with members of extended family (Parker). Children may also develop a fear that losing one parent will eventually lead to the lost of the other. The loss of attachment of a child to a parent may also lead to the loss of other secure relationships such as friends, siblings, neighbors and even pets. Children also, more often than not, are attached to their surroundings and divorce sometimes mean moving out or migrating which could prove unhealthy for the wellbeing of a child. A parent also has a tendency to create a dis-attachment between the child and the other parent which could prove to be a major predicament in the psychological health of the child (Parker). Many children tend to think that they are somehow the reason why their parents want to get divorced. Children often remember rough times that they had with their parents such as arguments, poor grades, getting into trouble, vices, etc. They start to think that the conflict came from them and they start to blame themselves. If this is the case, the parents should make clear that they are not responsible for the conflict and that both of the parents still love them. Explaining custody arrangements would also prove better to prepare the child and for a better understanding (Clandos). In some cases children try to bring their parents back together by either â€Å"acting out† in negative ways or trying â€Å"so good† so that his/her parents would think twice and reconsider about pursuing the divorce (Parker). As a reaction to a divorce, children especially teenagers show aggressive and defiant behavior. A problem here is that parents usually think that this is the normal behavior of the children instead of a reaction to problem. Parents should be keen observers and must be able to identify if the behavior is still normal. In such cases, children also show depression and parents must watch out for this kind of reactions (Parker). In one study, it has been proven that children have adapted to their parents divorce and have emerged as successful individuals. According to Constance Ahrons, the author of Were Still Family: What Grown Children Have to Say About Their Parents Divorce, although they are now adults, children who belonged in families that divorced emerged â€Å"stronger and wiser† having coped with â€Å"difficult times and experienced stressful family changes†. The research indicated that 79 percent feel that their parents decision to have divorce proved to be a good one. On the other hand, according to David Blankenhorn, founder of the Institute for American Values, â€Å"a good divorce is not nearly as important as having less divorce. No matter how good your divorce is, it is still a very painful experience for your child (Peterson). Many children who have grown up may have coped with the effects of divorce but still, a good number of children were affected and were not able to cope with it. It has been proven that children from divorced families are usually victims of abuse and exhibit more health, behavioral and emotional problems compared to children from intact families. Data also indicate that children from divorced families have more likely been associated with drugs, crime and even suicide (Fagan). According to a survey conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, fatherless children show a much greater risk of committing suicide while another study indicated that three out of four teenage suicide cases are from families where a parent is absent. Moreover, another study by Kalter and Rembar indicated from a sample of 144 children and adolescents that 63 percent showed subjective psychological problems such as anxiety, sadness, moodiness, phobias and depression while 56 percent had poor grades. Another 43 percent showed aggressive behavior towards their parents (Fatherless Homes Statistics). Children from divorced couples have been noted to perform poorly in academic subjects such as reading, spelling and math. They have also been identified to have higher drop-out rates and more often repeat a grade. It was also indicated that these children have a less likelihood of graduating from college. It was also noted that families that have gone through a divorce have experienced a 50 percent drop in their income levels resulting in poverty. Divorce also resulted in less religious worship which is associated with many positive outcomes such as better health, longer marriages and improved family life (Fagan). Divorce also affects the sexual behavior of children. Children from divorced families start to accept premarital sex and divorce. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicated that â€Å"African–American girls are 42 percent less likely to have sexual intercourse before age 18 if their biological father is present at home. For Hispanic–American girls, the stepfather’s presence increases the likelihood of sexual intercourse before age 18 by 72 percent† (Fagan). Robert Sampson, a professor of sociology at the University of Chicago, discovered that divorce rate is connected to the robbery rate in 171 cities in the United States that have a population of at least 100,000. Lower rate of divorce meant higher social control which in turn also results in lower crime rate. There is also a close line relating child abuse and crime rates. Higher divorce rates result in higher rates of child abuse but instead of curbing child abuse, remarriage only adds to it. Having a stepfather would most likely increase child abuse and data indicate that serious cases of abuse is much higher for stepchildren compared to children from whole families (Fagan). Likewise, a study by Kalter indicates that teenage and adult females that have been exposed to parental divorce resulted in lower self-esteem, heightened sexual activity, delinquent behavior and are unable to maintain a lasting heterosexual relationship. It was also stated that girls who grew without interaction from a father missed out on a key element. â€Å"The continuous sense of being valued and loved as a female seems an especially key element in the development of the conviction that one is indeed femininely lovable. Without this regular source of nourishment, a girls sense of being valued as a female does not seem to thrive† (Fatherless Homes Statistics). Children may suffer traumatic experiences in cases of divorce but steps can be taken to reduce these kinds of effects that divorce has on children. These steps are the following: â€Å"(1) be honest for the potential of emotional trauma on each of your kids; (2) allow your children to communicate openly; (3) offer your children choices, whenever possible, to increase their sense of power over their lives; (4) find support for yourself and your children; and (5) provide continuity† (Clandos). It is, likewise advised not to expose the children to any marital conflict. Talking about the spouses negative behavior should also be avoided while developing amicable relationship with the spouse is advisable for the sake of the children. Taking care of ones self will also help children adjust to the changes caused by the divorce. Moreover, discussing the separation with the children would also be helpful but one must always be mindful because what one says might affect the outlook of the child in a negative way (Clandos). Some changes in behavior may be observed from children that have been affected by the separation. Some children who are most of the time jolly and playful may become moody and may lose self-esteem. Sadness and moodiness may become excessive at times. Children also sometimes develop a fear of â€Å"clinginess† and may show anger outbursts (Clandos). Teen marriage account for a good percentage of divorce cases. Early marriages have been considered more unstable because of different factors such as the inability to support a family because of the absence of a good paying job having not finished college. It is estimated that one half of teen marriages with women ranging from 18 to 19 years of age result in divorce within 15 years time although the rate of divorce for women over 20 is also particularly high at around 33 percent. In cases of out-of -wedlock pregnancies, marrying before giving birth will increase paternal support because the male partner would have better access to the child and may provide better financial support even if there is a high risk that the marriage will result in an divorce (Seiler, 7). According to data from the National Center for Health Statistics, over time, the rate of divorce per 100 marriages have increased from three in 1870 to 30 in 1945 and 51 in 1998 (Fagan). Half of the marriages in the US end in divorce and from this data, one may state that people now no longer consider marriage as a strong binding force for a couple. Marriage now no longer provides a perception that it is permanent. Marriage is also no longer considered as a life-changing decision because of the availability of divorce. Dating games such as The Bachelor which sometimes end in marriage is proof enough that people no longer take marriage seriously. A divorce is caused by many factors such as common misunderstandings, financial difficulties, adultery, vices, and other irreconcilable differences. Many couples experience financial difficulties and this is one cause of divorce but prior to what most believe, financial problems are not the top cause of divorce. It only ranks fourth or fifth next to other factors that produce higher divorce rates, namely, â€Å"incompatibility, lack of emotional support, abuse and sexual problems†. According to Jan Andersen, associate professor at California State University in Sacramento, only 5 percent of divorce cases are caused by a couples financial difficulties (Weston). Other usual causes of divorce aside from financial problems are â€Å"lack of commitment to the marriage, lack of communication between spouses, infidelity, abandonment, alcohol addiction, substance abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, inability to manage or resolve conflict, personality differences or ‘irreconcilable differences’,differences in personal and career goals, different expectations about household tasks,different expectations about having or rearing children, interference from parents or in-laws, lack of maturity, intellectual incompatibility, sexual incompatibility, insistence of sticking to traditional roles and not allowing room for personal growth, falling out of love, religious conversion or religious beliefs, cultural and lifestyle differences, inability to deal with each other’s petty idiosyncrasies, mental instability or mental illness, criminal behavior and incarceration for crime† (Panse). Even if many countries legal ly accept divorce, there are still some countries that do not approve of divorce and most of these countries are against divorce because of religious beliefs. In biblical texts, adultery is often mentioned but nothing is clearly mentioned about divorce. Even theology scholars and pastors do not share the same views regarding biblical teachings about divorce. Christian scholars have different positions regarding the controversial issue. They argue that â€Å"(1) divorce is never permitted under any circumstances; (2) divorce is permissible under certain, specified circumstances; and (3) divorce is permissible under many circumstances† (House). The first argument supports that â€Å"marriage is lifelong and permanent† and divorce is against Gods standards and Christians are strictly prohibited from having divorce. Those who support the second argument that divorce is permissible under specific circumstances believe that divorce is not prohibited by biblical texts. They believe that one spouse commiting adultery means that a divorce can be allowed. Desertion is also being considered as a valid reason for divorce in this argument. On the other hand, the third view argues that divorce is allowed not just for conditions of adultery and desertion but for many other conditions as well (House). Generally speaking, divorce has many adverse effects on children. It affects their behavior, emotional and psychological health. Although some research studies indicate that children have been able to overcome the behavioral, emotional and psychological effects caused by divorce and were able to break out as successful individuals, many children still suffer from the harmful effects of divorce. As discussed, children from divorced families have a higher tendency to commit suicide, are more likely to commit crime and premarital sex as well as having poorer performance in academics. To sum it up, divorce does not provide any good effects on children and because of the many negative effects, it would be better if couples do not resort to divorce so as not to disregard the well-being of their children. It would be better off if couples just settle their differences for the sake of the children. It is also recommended that the government take steps to at least be able to lessen the cases of divorce if not eliminate it. On the other hand, the church should re-orient people the importance of marriage and deciding who to marry as simple as it has become today. The Church must make the people know that marriage is a life-changing decision. The status of marriage, particularly in the United States which is one of the countries with the highest divorce rates, is not strong. Works Cited Parker, Wayne. The Effects of Divorce on Children and How to Cope. accessed April 2, 2008 from, http://fatherhood. about. com/cs/divorceddads/a/divorcekids. htm Clandos, Rosemary, Kemp, Gina M. A. , Jaffe, Jaelline Ph. D. , Segal, Jeanne Ph. D. 28 September 2007. Coping with Divorce: Helping Your Child Cope with Separation or Divorce. accessed April 2, 2008 from, http://www. helpguide. org/mental/children_divorce. htm Peterson, Karen. Is Divorce a Bad Thing? Does it often leave broken children in its wake? Apparently not. 2004 June. accessed April 2, 2008 from, http://www. dimaggio. org/Eye- Openers/is_divorce_a_bad_thing. htm

Freuds Cases of Hysteria: Birth of Psychoanalysis

Freuds Cases of Hysteria: Birth of Psychoanalysis Abstract This thesis returns to the original case histories that Freud wrote on the patients he treated for hysteria. Here in these early works, the beginnings of psychoanalytical theory take shape in the acceptance of purely psychological theories of hysteria. Catharsis leads to the first inklings of repression which requires the use of free association, which again leads into Freuds attempt to explain the strange neuroses he sees through seduction theory, which is again transformed as his thinking moves on. Through Anna O, Frau Emmy von N. and Dora, Freud discovered the seeds of what would become his all-encompassing theory of the human psyche. Modern reinterpretations (e.g. Rosenbaum Muroff, 1984) of those early cases that form the basis of modern psychoanalysis have come and gone, but the original texts remain as historical testament to the fermenting of those fundamental ideas. Introduction Hysteria has been a hugely popular subject for research in psychoanalysis and in the history of ideas. Its roots are clearly signalled by the Greek word from which the word comes: uterus. Indeed the uterus was seen by Egyptians as a mobile organism that could move about of its own will when it chose to do so this caused the disturbances only seen (or acknowledged) in women. Treatments for this disease included trying to entice the uterus back into the body with the use of attractive-smelling substances as well as the driving down of the uterus from above by the eating of noxious substances. Just under four thousand years later, the formulation and treatment of hysterics had barely improved. The history of hysteria shows how it has often been seen as a physical disorder, rather than a mental one. Borossa (2001) describes some of the most common symptoms of hysteria as involving paralysis of the limbs, coughing, fainting, the loss of speech and parallel to this the sudden proficiency in another language. The change of viewpoint that lead up to Freuds analysis was slow in coming, and, as Bernheimer (1985) describes, only showed the first signs of changing in the seventeenth century with the first questions being raised that perhaps hysteria had its origins in a mental disturbance of some kind. Antecedent to Freuds interest in hysteria, it was the clinical neurologist, Charcot, who had a great influence on the field and accepted, by his methods, a more psychological explanation. Although sexual factors had long been implicated in the aetiology of hysteria (Ellenberger, 1970), Charcot did not agree that they were a sine qua non although he did maintain that they played an important part. He treated patients using a form of hypnosis and eventually his formulation of how hysteria was produced and treated was closely intertwined with the hypnosis itself. It was this use of hypnosis that interested Freud and it was the implication of sexual factors in hysteria that was eventually to become influential. It seemed that hysteria and hypnosis might offer Freud the chance to investigate the link between mind and body (Schoenwald, 1956). Anna O: The First Psychoanalytical Patient The literature often describes Anna O as the first ever patient of psychoanalysis. As it is notoriously difficult to define precisely what psychoanalysis might mean because of its shifting nature through time, this is a claim that is clearly interpretational. Still, the fact that this claim is made raises the interest into precisely what it was that marked out Anna Os treatment and the theories accompanying it from what had gone before. Although Anna O was not a patient of Freud, but a patient of his close colleague at the time, Joseph Breuer, he took a great interest in her case and its treatment, and from it flowed some of the foundational aspects of psychoanalysis both through the analysis of this case and Freuds reaction and reinterpretation of it. One of the reasons that Freud was interested in Anna O was that she represented an extremely unusual case of hysteria. Anna O had first been taken ill while she had been taking care of her dying father. At first she suffered from a harsh cough which soon expanded into a range of other perplexing symptoms. Freud Breuer (1991) describe these symptoms as going through four separate stages. The first stage, the latent incubation, occurred while she was nursing her dying father she had become weak, was not eating and would spend much of the afternoons sleeping, which was then unexpectedly followed by a period of excited activity in the evenings. The second stage, which had begun around the time Breuer started treating her, contained a strange confluence of symptoms. Her vision was affected by a squint, she could no longer move any of the extremities on the right side of her body. The third stage, which roughly coincided with the death of her father, heralded alternating states of somnam bulism with relative normality. The fourth stage, according to Breuer, is the slow leaking away of these symptoms up until June 1882, almost two years after she had first come to see her physician. The question is, how had these symptoms been interpreted and what had Breuer done in claiming to effect a cure? It is in the case of Anna O that the most basic elements of a new talking cure can be seen. As told by Breuer, it is a treatment that grew organically, as if by its own power, as he continued to see the patient. Often, in the afternoons, when the patient would habitually fall into an auto-hypnotic state, she would utter odd words or phrases, which, when questioned by those around her, would become elaborated into stories, sometimes taking the form of fairytales. These stories told to Breuer, changed in character over the period of Anna Os treatment, moving from those that were light and poetic, through to those that contained dark and frightening imagery. The unusual thing about these stories was that after they were told, it was as though a demon had been released from the patient and she became calmer and open to reason, cheerful even, often for a period of twenty-four hours afterwards. There seemed to be, staring Breuer in the face, some kind of connection between the stories that Anna O told him and the symptoms which she was manifesting. It was here that Freud was to find the roots of a purely psychological explanation of hysteria. Breuer describes numerous examples of this connection. On one occasion Anna O appeared to be suffering from an uncontrollable thirst and was given to demanding water, although when it was brought, she would refuse to touch it. After six weeks of this continuing, one day, again in an auto-hypnotic state, she started to tell a story about a friend who had allowed her dog to drink out of a glass. This had apparently caused the patient considerable distress and seemed to have led to pent-up anger, which was expressed on this occasion to Breuer. Afterwards Breuer was surprised to find that her previous craving and then abhorrence of water had disappeared. Other similar connections between symptoms and a story told by the patient were also s een by Breuer so that eventually he came up with the theory that the patient could be cured systematically by going through the symptoms to find the event that had caused their onset. Once the event had been described, as long as it was with sufficient emotional vigour, the patient would show remission of that symptom. It was by this method that Breuer claimed to have effected a cure of Anna O over the period of the treatment. It is from this case, although not in the immediate reporting by Breuer, that some of the most fundamental principles of psychoanalysis begin to form. An element of the story that has now passed into psychoanalytic legend, with some accepting its truth while others rejecting it, provides a more dramatic ending to the therapeutic relationship than that presented by Breuer. According to Freud (1970) in his letters, he pieced together an alternative account of what had happened at the end of Anna Os therapy. According to Freud, Breuer had been treating Anna O in the way he had discovered, as previously described, and had finally reached the point where her symptoms had been removed. Later that day he was called back to his patient to find her in considerable apparent pain in her abdomen. When she was asked what was wrong she replied that, Dr. Bs child is coming! This immediately sent Breuer away from her at the highest speed as he was not able to cope with this new revelation. He then p assed her onto a colleague for further treatment as he had already realised that his wife was jealous of his treatment of Anna O and this new revelation only compounded the problem. Forrester (1990) draws attention to the fact that Breuer acknowledged the importance of sexuality in the causes of neuroses. But despite this, he backed away from Anna Os case as soon as it came to the surface. As Forrester (1990) points out, Freud sees this as Breuers mistake and sees in it the birth of a psychoanalysis, especially one of its most important aspects: transference, and more specifically: sexual transference. Through the way that Breuer describes Anna Os progress in his new type of therapy, the path which the theory of hysteria and its treatment takes gradually emerges. Although Anna Os case was reported later it was Breuer Freud (1893) that used her case as the basis for their theory of hysteria. Breuer Freud (1893) state that they believe that the symptoms of hysteria have, at their root cause, some kind of causal event, perhaps occurring many years before the symptoms expose themselves. The patient is unlikely to easily reveal what this event is simply because they are not consciously aware of what it is, or that there is a causal connection. They are not worried by the seeming disproportionate nature of the precipitating event and subsequent symptoms. In fact they welcome this disproportionate nature as a defining characteristic of hysteria. Their analysis likens the root cause, or pathogenesis, of hysteria to that caused by a traumatic neurosis    perhaps similar to what we would now call post-traumatic stress disorder. The patient has, therefore, suffered a psychical trauma that manifests itself in this hysteria. The idea that the psychical trauma simply has a precipitating effect on the symptoms is dismissed by the authors referring to the evidence they have from the case studies of the remarkable progress their patients made after the memory of the psychical trauma has been exorcised through its explication and re-experiencing. Importantly, in defining the problem, Breuer Freud (1893) see the symptoms as a kind of failure of reaction to the original event. The memory of the event can only fade if the reaction to that event has not been suppressed. And it is here that there is a clear precursor to ideas central to later Freudian theory about the nature and causes of repression. In normal reactions to psychical traumas, the authors talk of a cathartic effect resulting in a release of the energy. The reverse of this, the suppression of catharsis (Freeman, 1972), is seen here as the cause of the symptoms adequately evidenced by the new treatment of a kind of delayed catharsis that appears to release the patient from their symptoms. What, then, are the mechanisms by which a psychical trauma of some kind is not reacted to sufficiently? Two answers are provided here, the first that because of the circumstances of the trauma, it was not possible to form a reaction in other words the reactions is suppressed. The second is that a reaction may not have been possible due to the mental state of the person at that time for example during a period of paralysing fear. The circumstances in which the failure of a reaction occurs is also instrumental in the burying of these thoughts and feelings and helps to explain why the patient themselves is not able to access them in the normal ways. Frau Emmy von N. Freuds interest in hysteria and in hypnosis was certainly piqued by both Charcot and Breuer and having collaborated on the latters work with Anna O including the belief that he had found a theory of practical benefit it was only a matter of time before he became further involved in the treatment of hysteria himself. Reported as the second case history in The Studies on Hysteria, (Breuer Freud, 1991) a patient of Freuds, Frau Emmy von N., exhibited symptoms that typified hysteria and Freud resolved to treat her. He reports that the patient was 40 years old, was from a good family and of high education and intelligence. She had been widowed at a young age, leaving her to look after her two children this she ascribed as the cause of her current malady. Freud describes her first meeting as being continually interrupted by the patient breaking off, and suddenly displaying signs of disgust and horror on her face while telling him to, Keep still! and other similar remonstrations. Apart from this the patient also had a series of tics, some facial, but the most pronounced being a clacking sound which littered her utterances. Freuds initial treatment was more physical than mental. She was told to take warm baths and be given massages. This was combined with hypnosis in which Freud simply suggested that she sleep well and that her symptoms would lessen. This was helped by the fact that Freud reports that Frau Emmy von N. was an extremely good hypnotic subject he only had to raise his finger and make a few simple suggestions to put her into a trance. Freud wonders whether this compliance is due to previous exposure to hypnosis and a desire to please. A week later Freud asked his patient why she was so easily frightened. She replied with a story about a traumatic experience that had occurred when she was younger her older brothers and sisters had thrown dead animals at her. As she described these stories to Freud, he reports that she was, panting for breath as well as displaying obvious difficulty with the emotions that she was dealing with. After these emotions have been expressed, she became calmer and more peaceful. Freud also uses touch to reinforce his suggestion that these unnerving images have been removed. Under hypnosis, Freud continued to elicit these stories that demonstrated why she was so often nervous. She explained to Freud that she had once had a maidservant who told her stories of life in an asylum including beatings and patients being tied to chairs. Freud then explained to her that this was not the usual situation in asylums. She had also apparently seen hallucinations at one point, seeing the same person in tw o places and being transfixed by it. While she had been nursing her dying brother, who was taking large quantities of morphine for the pain he was in, he would frequently grab her suddenly. Freud saw this as part of a pattern of her being seized against her will and resolved to investigate it further. It was a few days after this that quite a significant point in the therapy came. Emmy von N. was again explaining about the frightening stories of the asylum and Freud stopped himself from correcting her, intuitively realising that he had to let her give full vent to her fears, without redirecting her course. This is perhaps a turning point in the way in which Freud treated his patient, made clearer by the historical context in which this scene operates. While still seen as authority figures now, physicians were much stronger authority figures then. This combined with the greater imbalance of power between men and women would have meant that the patient would be naturally hesitant about taking any control over their own treatment. Forrester (1990) sees this as a shift in the pattern of authority between the doctor and the patient that originated in Breuers treatment of Anna O a move from the telling the patient what to do, to listening to what the patient has to say. Forrester (1990 ) constructs the relationship that Freud began to build with Emmy von N. as more of a framework of authority within which the patient was able to express her thoughts and feelings to the doctor and in this sense the doctors job is to help the patient keep up this outpouring of stories. At this stage of the development of the therapy, the facilitation of the story-telling is being achieved by hypnosis, although later Freud was to move away from this. How great the shift in the power balance was, it is difficult to tell a this distance, but what is clear from the case report is that Emmy von N.s case provided a much more convoluted series of psychical traumas and symptoms than that presented by Anna O. While Anna Os symptoms seemed to match the traumatic events rather neatly, Emmy von Ns mind was not nearly as well organised. At one point Freud discovers that taking the lift to his office causes his patient a considerable amount of stress. To try and examine where this comes from he explores whether she has had any previous traumatic experiences in lifts a logical first step within the theoretical framework. Coincidentally, it appears, the patient mentions that she is very worried about her daughter in relation to elevators. The next logical step then should be that talking about this fear should release the affect and lead to catharsis, but this is not what Freud finds. The next part of the puzzle is revealed when he finds out t hat she is currently menstruating, then finally the last part falls into place when he finds out that as her daughter has been suffering ovarian problems, she has had to travel in a lift in order to meet with her doctor. After some deliberation Freud realises that there is in fact a false connection between the patients menstruation and the worry at her daughter using a lift. It is this confusion of connections that Freud begins to realise is a form of defence to the traumatic thoughts. Freuds Treatment of Hysteria In the final part of Studies in Hysteria Freud sets out his theory of hysteria and what he has learnt about its treatment. Not only does this part of the book recap some of the themes already discussed but it also highlights some future direction in which Freuds work would travel. Two key signposts are seen: first in his stance on hypnotism, and secondly in his view on what constitutes hysteria. In an attempt to be of benefit to patients with hysteria, who he believed this treatment would help, he tried to treat as many as possible. The problem for him was how to tell the difference between a patient with hysteria and one without. Freud chose an interesting solution to what might have been a protracted problem of diagnosis. He simply treated patients who seemed   to have hysteria and let the results of that treatment speak for themselves. What this immediately did was to widen out the object of his enquiry to neuroses in general. Picking up on the lightly touched theme of sexual tr ansference between Breuer and Anna O mentioned earlier, Freud made his feelings about the roots of neurotic problems quite clear, and in the process set the agenda for psychoanalysis for the next century or more. He believed that one of the primal factors in neuroses lay in sexual matters. In particular Freud came to acknowledge that peoples neuroses rarely came in a pure form, as the early and almost impossibly neat case of Anna O had signposted, and that in fact people were more of a mixed bag. Looking back through the cases reported in Studies on Hysteria Freud explains that he came to see a sexual undercurrent in his notes that had not been at the forefront of his mind when he had treated the patients. Especially in the case of Anna O as already noted Freud felt Breuer had missed a trick. What these ideas seem to be adding up to is almost a rejection of hysteria, if not as a separate diagnosis, certainly as a category of disease practically amenable to treatment. Freud, however, is defensive about rejecting the idea of hysteria as a separate diagnosis, despite the fact that that is the direction in which his thoughts are heading. At this stage he believes it can be treated as a separate part of a patients range of symptoms and the effect of this treatment will be governed by its relative importance overall. Those patients, like Anna O, who have relatively pure cases of hysteria will respond well to the cathartic treatment, while those diluted cases will not. The second key signpost for the future of psychoanalysis was Freuds use of hypnosis. What he found was that many of the patients he saw were simply not hypnotisable Freud claims unwillingness on their part but other writers are of the opinion that he was simply not that good at it (Forrester, 1990). This was a problem for Freud because Breuers formulation of the treatment for hysteria required that events were recollected that were not normally available to a person. Hypnosis had originally proved a good method and indeed in Anna Os case the only method for gaining access to these past events. In response, Freud now turned away from hypnosis to develop his own techniques for eliciting the patients traumatic events. These were quite simple: he insisted that the patient remember what the traumatic event was, and if they still could not, he would ask the patient to lie down and close their eyes nowadays one of the archetypal images of patient and analyst. Freud saw the patients relu ctance of his patients to report their traumatic events as a one of the biggest hurdles in his coalescing form of therapy. He came up with the idea that there was some psychical force within the patient that stopped the memories from being retrieved. From the patients he had treated, he had found that the memories that were being held back were often of an embarrassing or shameful nature. If was for this reason that the patient was activating psychical defence mechanisms. At this stage he hoped to be able to show in the future that it was this defence or repulsion of the traumatic event to the depths of the memory that was causing so much psychical pain to the patient. Overcoming this psychical force, Freud found, was not as simple as insisting, and he developed some further techniques. Patients would easily drift off their point or simply dry up and it needed more powerful persuasion to return them to the traumatic event. One particular technique he found extremely useful and would almost invariably use it when treating patients. This involved placing his hand on the patients head and instructing them that when they feel the pressure they will also see an image of their traumatic event. Having assured the patient that whatever they see, they should not worry that this image is inappropriate or too shameful to discuss, then they are asked to attempt a description of the image. Freud believed that this system worked by distracting the patient, in a similar way as hypnosis, from their conscious searching for the psychical trauma and allowed their mind to float free. Even using the new technique of applying pressure, it did not provide direct access to the psychical trauma. What Freud found was that it tended to signal a jumping off point or a way-station, somewhere on the way to or from the trauma. Sometimes the image produced would provide a new starting point from which the patient could work, sometimes it fitted into the flow of the subject of discussion. Occasionally the new image would bring a long-forgotten idea to the patients mind which would surprise them and initially seem to be unrelated, but later turn out to have a connection. Freud was so pleased with his new pressure technique that, in complex cases, he would often use it continuously on the patient. This procedure would bring to light memories that had been hitherto completely forgotten, as well as new connections between these memories and even, sometimes, thoughts that the patient doesnt even believe to be their own. Freud is careful to point out that although his pressure technique was useful, there were a number of very strong forms of defence that stopped him gaining easy access to the patients psychical trauma. He often found that in the first instance, applying pressure by his hand to the patient would not work, but when he insisted to the patient that it would work the next time, it often would. Still, the patient would sometimes immediately reinterpret or, indeed, begin to edit what was seen, thus making the reporting much less useful. Freud makes it clear that sometimes the most useful observations or memories of the patient are those that they consider to be of least use or relevance. Also, the memories will tend to emerge in a haphazard fashion, only later, and with the skill of the analyst, being fitted together into a coherent picture. Freud refers to this as a kind of censoring of the traumatic events, as though it can only be glimpsed in a mirror or partially occluded around a corne r. Slowly but sure the analyst begins to build up a picture with the accretion of material. There is nothing, Freud believed that is not relevant every piece of information is a link in the chain, another clue to the event that has traumatised the psyche. Another major component of psychoanalysis makes its first appearance in the Studies on Hysteria. Freud describes a final defence or block against the work of treating hysteria in the very relationship between the patient and doctor. Indeed, Freud sees this defence is sure to arise, and perhaps the most difficult defence of all to overcome. The first of the three circumstances in which it may arise is a simple, probably small, breakdown in the relationship between the physician and patient. It might be that the patient is unsure about the physicians techniques or alternatively has felt slighted in the treatment in some way. This can be rectified with a sensitive discussion. The second of the three circumstances occurs when the patient becomes fearful that they will lose their independence because of a reliance on their treating physician. As almost all of Freuds patients who had hysteria were women, this could be conceived as a sexual reliance. The third circumstance is where the pati ent begins to take the problem that they are trying to resolve and transfer it onto the physician, thereby seeing their problem there instead of where it really exists. Freud provides the straightforward example of the sexual transference of a female patient of his who suddenly developed the vision of kissing him. He reports that the patient could not be analysed any further until this block had been addressed. The mechanism by which this transference happens, he posits, is that the patient creates a false connection between the compulsion which is the basis for their treatment and the therapist, rather than its original recipient. In treating these defences Freud makes it clear that the main aim should be to make the patient aware that this problem exists, and then once they are aware of it, the problem is largely dealt with. The challenge, then, is getting the patient to admit to these potentially embarrassing feelings. The Aetiology of Hysteria The development of Freuds theory of the aetiology of hysteria provides one of the most insightful, and sometimes controversial, areas of his work. The formation of the theory, like the work on its treatment, provided another important testing ground for some of the basic elements of what would later become psychoanalysis. Previous authors, including Breuer in the joint work with Freud in Studies on Hysteria, gave great weight to the heredity factors in the causes of hysteria. Freud meanwhile acknowledged these ideas, but in Heredity and the Aetiology of the Neuroses (Freud, 1896b) set out the three factors he believed were important and began to formulate a new theory. The causes of hysteria could be broken down into: (1) Preconditions this would include hereditary factors, (2) concurrent causes which are generalised causes and (3) specific causes, these being specific to the hysteria itself. It is in these specific causes he believed he had found an important contribution to aetiology of the condition. One of the common factors of the patients Freud was seeing, and the one he was coming to see as defining, was in their sexual problems. He reports that while many suffered from a range of different symptoms such as constipation, dyspepsia and fatigue, almost all of them had some kind of sexual problems. These ranged from the inability to achieve orgasm to a more general inability to have a satisfying sexually relationship. Freud saw this as a very significant problem as he maintains that the nervous systems needs to be regularly purged of sexual tension. This pattern across his patients, and the development of his theory of traumatic psychical events, led him to wonder what past events could have caused the sexual dysfunction the patients with hysteria were manifesting. Radically, and expecting no small amount of opposition to the idea, Freud advanced the theory that these neuroses were caused by sexual abuse before the age of sexual maturity. Of the thirteen cases that Freud had tre ated at the time of the paper, all of them had been subject to sexual abuse at an early age. However, Freud does make it clear that the information about their sexual lives is not obtained without some considerable pressure, and it only emerges in a fragmentary way that has later to be pieced together by the therapist. At this early stage of the theory, Freud believed that the sexual abuse left a psychical trace and formed the traumatic experience which was locked away in the depths of the mind. These ideas were much further developed and expanded on in Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence (Freud, 1896a). Earlier Freud had grouped together hysteria with hallucinatory states and obsessions (Freud, 1894) and had begun to formulate the idea that all of these conditions had a common aetiology. In particular, Freud felt these were all part of an area where the ideas of psychological defences and psychological repression were important. Freud had found that patients he had seen had suffered sexual abuse sometimes as early as two years old and up to the age of ten, which he drew as an artificial cut-off point. What other theorists saw as a heredity, Freud saw as the confluence of factors for example if a boy had been sexually abused when he was five then it was likely that his brother would have been abused by the same person. Rather than seeing heredity as a separate factor in hysteria, he saw the sexual abuse as a replacement for heredity, sometimes exclusively, as the root cause in itself. The theory shows an interesting divergence in the analysis of obsessional neuroses. Here, Freud believed that the obsessional neuroses were caused by a sexual activity   in childhood rather than the sexual passivity typical of abuse. These ideas linked in neatly to the greater preponderance of obsessional neuroses in males. A logical division is therefore made with the females, the apparently more passive sex suffering from hysteria, while the apparently more active sex suffering from obsessions. In searching for the aetiology of these two conditions, it is here that Freud prefigures his future thinking on stages of sexual development by introducing the idea that the development of neuroses and/or hysteria is/are dependent on when the sexual abuse occurs in the developmental stages of the child, with sexual maturation providing the cut-off point. In The Aetiology of Hysteria Freud again makes clear his divergence from his mentor, Charcot, in claiming that heredity is not the most important factor in the aetiology of hysteria (Freud 1896c). Freud (1896c) travels back through the life-histories of the patients he has treated looking for the original source of the psychical trauma, discounting all sexual experiences at puberty and later. It is only in pre-pubescent children, when the potential for harm is at its greatest that there lies a sufficient cause. Freuds theory revolves around the idea that at a