Source based questions on the Vietnam war 1960 Essay Example for Free

Source based questions on the Vietnam war 1960 Essay According to source G, results of opinion polls in the USA in the 1960s Vietnam was one of the most important problems facing the USA. This also shows in source F because 64% of people said television coverage made them want to back the boys in Vietnam while 26% felt moved to oppose the war. The safer film made peoples opinions change because through television they could see what was really going on out there so peoples interests about the war increased. Increasing exposure to the war may have changed opinions about the war because like safers film it showed what was really going on because in safers film soldiers were shot by their own men and they were killing innocent Vietnamese people for no reason. Source H shows a letter written by a U. S soldier fighting in Vietnam in 1969 and he is saying about how fed up he is with the war and having to go to sleep and listen to rockets and mortars and artillery then having to wake up to fight and see soldiers at the age of 18 and 19 being killed and having their lives cut off. His attitude to the war is that he is sick of it all and when people hear about this back in the USA their opinions probably changed. I think this soldiers views are probably shared by a lot of other soldiers when they are writing home. The soldiers families probably felt scared for the soldier and worrying if he will survive and this will probably change their opinions about the war. Source I is about American troops going in and killing innocent Vietnamese people in My Lai. The event occurred in March 1968 but was not published until January 1970. There might have been a delay in publishing details of this event because if the article was published then Americans would have questioned the soldiers tactics and it probably would have changed a lot of American opinions. The authorities delayed the publication of the article because it would have reflected badly on the soldiers and Americans would have started to question American involvement in the war. Source J is a picture from the My Lai Massacre and it shows a thirteen-year-old girl hanging on to her mother after a soldier stripped her. The picture creates a disgraceful impression on the American army and people probably wonder why the soldier done it. I dont think this picture was likely to appear in an American newspaper or magazine because people would have been horrified and ashamed of the soldier. If it were published it would have changed peoples opinions of the war. Source K is an anti-war song written by Country Joe Mc Donald in 1967. Anti-war songs were popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. I think anti-war songs were popular at this time, particularly among young people because they wanted the war to stop because there were so many people getting killed in Vietnam and it was the young people who were being called up to fight for the war and they didnt want to. Anti-war songs were heard by large numbers of people on radio stations, cassettes or at concerts so it might have influenced people to think more about the war. Source K is a bit like Source H because Source H reached large numbers of people like Source K, they both express attitudes of opposition towards the war and they both might have made people change their views about the war. Source L is a political cartoon published in the USA in 1969. The cartoonist is making a serious point but is trying to make the point in a funny way. People usually remember funny things so the cartoonist wants people to remember this point. In the cartoon you see a salesman wearing an American suit and trying to sell it to a Vietnamese man by telling him all about it but the Vietnamese man says it doesnt fit. The cartoonist is making points like Americans want the Vietnamese to be like them, Americans and Vietnamese are different from each other and America is a big rich country but Vietnam is a small poor country. I have now examined a variety of sources, G, H, I, J, K and L. All these sources give reasons why opinions changed during the war. I think the most important reason for peoples opinions changing during the war were television and things like safers film.

Protected Areas Of The Wildlife Protection Act

Protected Areas Of The Wildlife Protection Act Wildlife and environment is an integral part of life. Protection of Wildlife and Environment has been present from the pre-colonial and the colonial times. During the 3rd century, Asoka, king of Magadha, passed a law for the protection of wildlife and environment. During colonial times, the British enacted Indias first codified law Wild Birds Protection Act, 1887 and the Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act, 1912. The parliament passed legislation on 9th September, 1972 and is known as Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This act was enacted under the Article 252. This is an Act to provide for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants] and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto. Wildlife is defined in the act under section 2(37). The wildlife was under the state list according to the constitution but by the 42nd amendment it was transferred to the concurrent list in 1976. By 1991 the act was applicable to whole of India (except Jammu and Kashmir). This has helped the central government to increase its role in developing the national wildlife policy. This act provides protection of wildlife and preservation of the environment regardless of its location. The protection is based on two approaches species approach and the ecosystem approach. The National Wildlife Board was legislated in the 2002 amendment. Environmental protection is every citizens right according to Article 51A (g).The protection of forests, wildlife animals and birds where shifted from the state list to concurrent list. These were entries 17 A and 17 B respectively. PROTECTED AREAS INTRODUCTION Certain areas are protected for the conservation of wildlife. These areas are known as Protected Areas. Protected areas are designated based on their level of protection and the laws binding the country. These areas are protected based on the environmental and cultural values. According to IUCN, a protected area is, A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Marine protected areas also are included in the list of protected areas. Under the WLPA, the state government can declare an area of flush or adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance a sanctuary or a national park. Public entry is banned in a protected area and the destruction of the habitat along with its wildlife is prohibited and can result in serious consequences. Protected areas are necessary for conservation of biodiversity and also the preservation of the existing environment. These areas help in balancing ecological cycles and other processes in the environment. This results in protection of watersheds, soils and protects humans from natural disasters. Many of these areas are vital for the survival for indigenous or local people whose life depends on the sustainable use of resources of that area. They serve as backbone for the local communities. These areas are a physical gateway to hectic work schedule and help attain calm and peace. Certain protected areas are important for research and education and also apply to sustainable land use. The most important aspect of these areas is the tourism, which contributes to the economy. The importance and the significance of protected areas are realized in the Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) (Article 8). Recently protected areas are facing threats because of climate change and pollution. One of the main reasons that have lead to the degradation of these areas is lack of political support and inadequate financing. The only body that has been actively involved in the protection of these areas is the WCPA. IUCN PROTECTED AREAS MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES WCU, founded in 1948 is one of the 6 commissions of IUCN. There are certain guidelines that offer help in classifying the protected areas management categories. The original intent was to provide an understanding of protected areas both within and outside the country. It has categorized certain regions as protected based on the management objective and has classified protected areas into 8 distinct categories: a. Strict Nature Reserve scientific use b. Wilderness Area wilderness protection National Parks ecosystem protection and recreation Natural Monument conservation of specific natural features Habitat/species Management maintained for conservation through management intervention Protected Landscape/Seascape landscape/seascape protection and recreation Managed Resource Protected Area sustainable use of natural ecosystem According to the IUCN survey, 30,000 protected areas around the world covers 13,250,000 sq.km by 2000. Barely 1% of worlds seas are protected. PROTECTED AREAS IN INDIA The protected areas in India cover 156,700sq.km which implies that approximately 4.95% of the total surface area. It has been estimated that there are nearly 5000 villages in protected areas (Shyam Divan and Armin Rosencranz, 2001).In India protected areas have been present from 1935. India has the following as protected areas based on the IUCN classification: National Parks Wildlife Sanctuaries Biosphere Reserves Conservation Reserve and Community Reserve Village Forests and Panchayat Private Protected Areas Tiger Reserves The countrys wilderness has been under threat due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. The number of protected areas has increased over the years. In 1988 there were 54 national parks and 372 sanctuaries covering about 3.34% of the countrys geographical area. In 2002, India has a total of 578 wildlife protected areas which accounts to about 4.70% of the countrys geographical area (wildlife institute of India). The WII has recommended the government to increase the number of wildlife protected areas to 870 which includes 163 national parks and 707 wildlife sanctuaries and the approximate geographical area used will to about 5.74%(Rodgers, Panwar and Mathur, WII)(fig.1). Certain areas in India have very high percentage of protected areas. This is due to the conditions that are available for declaration of a protected area. (Table 1 and Table 2). NATIONAL PARKS A National park is a reserve of natural lands that is declared by government. It is declared and created for recreation purposes and protection and preservation of nature. National parks are declared under category II type of protected areas by IUCN. There are 7000 national parks worldwide. The largest national park in the world is the Northeast Greenland National Park. National parks are declared under section 35, 38 (2) and 66 (3). For an area to be declared as a national park it has to undergo a series of stages: Intention notification Determination of rights Proclamation notification Inquiry Acquisition of rights Final notification The above procedure need not be followed if the rights of the land have extinguished and if the land is under the state government. Indias first national park was Hailey National Park, later renamed as Jim Corbett National Park. This park was established in 1935. There are 96 national parks as of April 2007 in India. National parks hold a higher authority and a high degree of protection than sanctuaries. The rules and regulations that bind national parks are stricter. A national park can be set up within or around a sanctuary. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES Wildlife sanctuaries are areas declared for the protection and restoration of wildlife (endangered species). It is created through government regulations. A sanctuary is actually set up by the central government under the section 38. Only when the state government passes power of authority to the central government can a sanctuary be set up. A sanctuary cannot be created within an existing sanctuary. These areas are declared under Section 26A, 38(1) and 66(3). There are certain conditions that are required for setting up a sanctuary (section 18). These come under IUCN category IV. The main objective is to maintain and conserve species in a habitat. There are about 489 wildlife sanctuaries covering 3.56% geographical area in India. By the legislation passed by the 2002 amendment the construction of lodges, safari trips, hotels need approval of National Board. The procedure is same as that of declaring a national park. The control of these sanctuaries is under the Chief Wildlife Warden (section 33). In India, there are about 28 tiger reserves out of the total wildlife sanctuaries. These reserves are mainly for the protection and the conservation of tigers. Therefore these reserves are species specific. Certain sanctuaries are named exclusively as bird sanctuaries, E.g. Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu. There are certain restrictions after a land or area has been notified and declared as WS (Sections 27, 29, 30, 31, and 32). BIOSPHERE RESERVES These reserves were established by UNSECO in 1973-74 under the Man and Biosphere programme (MAB).This programme aims at bringing the balance between use and conservation of resources. It main objective is in research and scientific outlook in the presents world. In India, there are over 14 Biosphere Reserves as of 25th October, 2007(Table 3). Biosphere reserves are natural landscapes that extend over large areas. They can be terrestrial or marine or combination of both. These reserves are perfect paradigm for showcasing the existing harmony between man and nature. The reserves help in conservation of the habitat along with the species and also help in the economic development. These biosphere reserves actually have unique features nad are in very good condition. They come under Category V of IUCN classification. In India, a National Biosphere Reserve Programme was established in 1986.The main criteria for declaring a biosphere reserve is that the area should contain rare and endangered species of flora and fauna. It should be an area that is protected and is a bio geographical unit that is extensive. These ecosystems actually are like alternate research models that provide educational information. A biosphere reserve has a layered structure that contains 3 important zones: Core zone Buffer zone Transition zone The core zone actually consists of the target species that need to be protected and conserved. This zone is legally protected from human interference. The Buffer zone is a middle zone that is adjoined to both the core and transition zone. In this zone certain activities like recreation, education, tourism and the restoration of area. In this area, if human activities are natural then these activities are allowed. These activities are only allowed if they cause minimal damage to the environment. The Transition zone is the outermost zone. In this zone all activities along with conservation and administration are carried out in harmony. This zone has no limits on human activities. In this zone there is huge economic revenue that is derived from tourism and management practices. The biosphere reserves are established under the legal frameworks that have been legislated under WPA, 1972. In the process of declaring an area as biosphere reserve the central as well as the state government have roles and responsibilities to be carried out. The financial support is provided by the central government whereas the management and administration is the duty of the state government. The Indian National Man and Biosphere committee actually is constituted by central government and finds new sites, committees, policies, programmes and other activities for the betterment of the reserve. The ministry proposed certain areas for getting approved into the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, in November 2001, the International Coordinating Council (ICC) of Man and Biosphere programme of UNESCO designated and approved of Sunderbans (West Bengal) and the Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu) into the world network. The Nilgiri was already included in 2000. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS PROVIDED BY WLPA,1972 The CEL WWF India was launched in 1993. This organization took active legal actions in the country. They have fought legal actions for the protection and conservation of wildlife and environment. They came into forefront mainly because of the Bhitarkanika case, Narayan Sarovar case, and intervention in Delhi ridge. Through research and investigation it came to light that the provisions of the WLPA, 1972 were not being implemented.CEL WWF filed a civil writ petition in May, 1995 in SC for protection and development of protected areas along with the wildlife. The SC accepted the petition and issued notices to every State Government and the Union of India on February, 1997. During the course of the case hearing the SC has passed several contempt notices to the state and union officials to carry out their duties with honour and adhere to the orders of the court. In March, 1997 the Indian board of wildlife (IBWL) was ordered to submit a summary and report on the plight of the protected areas in India and its progress after the SC had passed the orders for strict surveillance. The states were requested to submit a report on its activities and the steps they had taken for the betterment of these protected areas. The SC also noticed that some states had WW while some didnt. Those states who had appointed a WW were only for certain areas. In response to the SC, the MoEF responded that the meeting of the Previous IBWL have not attended a meeting for the last eight years. This showed laxity at the national level and the action of the highest authority. This board was reconstituted in 1996 and appointed the Prime Minister as the Chairman. At the state level the states had not been adhering to the court orders and were not alert enough to file their replies. Even though it was laxity at the state level and the SC extended the deadline of the submission of the report and granted them another two months to file their answers. Finally, the SC accepted that all the States and Unions of India had constituted their wildlife advisory boards and confirmed the body. This was done in January, 1998. One of the main issues regarding implementation was about the existing tiger population in India. The court ordered to bring to notice about the population of these cats. By a report submitted by the MoEF stated that the population of tigers had not declined since 1973. But the overall decline of population was due to the fragmentation of tiger habitats. DE RESERVATION OF PROTECTED AREAS Some sanctuaries face a threat of being de reserved by the state actions. The shield provided by the WLPA, 1972 can be removed by the state wildlife advisory board (state board) in case its not necessary. But the order passed by the SC directed the state governments to pass on a proposal of denotification or de reservation of an area to the NBWL for its opinion and pass it on to the Legislative Assembly. According to the 2002 amendment of WLPA the NBWL has the power to alter PAs over the legislative assembly. Certain cases have already happened like, 1994 the Boriavli National Park was trimmed so that the slum people who resided near the national park would not be evicted. But in case of tiger reserve, it cannot be de notified by a state board. But a tiger reserve can be de reserved if it has the approval of the TCA and the National Board for Wildlife. The Forest Conservation Act, 1970 (FCA) actually restricts the authority of the state to de-reserve forest areas. According to th e SC order dated 13.11.2000 the state requires prior permission for the diversion or de-reservation of forest land in national parks. STATE LEVEL RESPONSES ON PROTECTED AREAS TAMIL NADU In Tamil Nadu the state board was constituted on 14.09.1995 and again reconstituted on 24.02.1997. The state appointed 10 WW to look after the implementation of the WLPA. Tamil Nadu was one the few states that actually interpreted the Supreme Court orders correctly. The state of Tamil Nadu also informed the Supreme Court that there are 6 WW and a Deputy Director for the Project Tiger. A district officer has also been appointed to look after the implementation of the WLPA properly in various national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. The Honorary Wildlife Warden (HWW) is appointed for the National parks and the Sanctuaries. They are appointed for tenure of 3 years. If the person appointed wants to resign before the period is completed then a notice of 3 months has to be given prior to resignation or cancellation of appointment. Many of the protected areas have been notified under the section 16 of the Tamil Nadu Forest act, 1882 and with reference to reserved forest the areas that were proclaimed and notified under the Tamil Nadu forest act, 1882 will enjoy a status equivalent to those that have been notified under the section 26A or 21, WLPA, 1972. Certain sanctuaries and national park come under the non reserved forest areas. These areas are proclaimed under the section 21 of WLPA. An order dated 20.03.1998 stated the immunization of all wildlife in NPs/WSs in every state. The state director of animal husbandry was given the authority to carry out the instructions at the district level. The District Forest Officers were instructed the vaccination of all wildlife in the 5 km radius of Protected Areas. Another order dated 20.03.1998 stated the registration of arms and issuance of licences. The State Director General of Police was instructed to comply with the order. The wildlife protection (Tamil Nadu) Rules, 1975 was framed. The Rule 33 is about the registration of arms in the vicinity of NPs/WSs. The DGPs and CWLWs are requested to take action in case of non compliance. Tamil Nadu has in total 5 NP and 8 WS, 12 BS, 4 Elephant reserves, 3 Tiger Reserves and 3 Biosphere Reserves (Table 3) which are under the UNESCOs MAB programme. Almost one sixth of Tamil Nadu is covered with forest. The state ranks in the 11th position in reference to total forest cover among the Indian states and Union Territories and ranks 13th position in reference to total recorded forest cover. Tamil Nadu ranks 14th position with reference to protected areas. The diversity of flora and fauna are a boon to the state and need to be conserved and managed with great care since the extent of diversity is beyond our imagination. Forests and wilderness of the state actually defines the state. According to the 2008 census, tiger population increased in the state of Tamil Nadu. This was achieved due to strict and mandatory measures passed by the state board. For the development, conservation and administration activities the state has sanctioned and invested a huge sum of money which has proved to be successful to an extent. THE SARISKA CASE: TARUN BHARATH SANGH, ALWAR Vs UNION OF INDIA Tarun Bharath Sangh is a non governmental organization (NGO) whose concern was about the rural development of Rajasthan. The main issue of concern was the availability of water resource. Illegal mining activities were being carried out in Alwar district of Rajasthant taht resulted in shortage of water. The organization launched the Sariska Case. The area that was under scrutiny is now what is known as the Sariska Tiger Sanctuary. This Tiger Sanctuary is a species specific Protected Area and comes under the Tiger Reserves category and it is an exclusive hunting area for the Rulers of the Quondam, Alwar state. This NGO approached court petitioning that the illegal mining activity that was going on in the Alwar district of Rajasthan needs to cease in the interest of environment and nature to sustain. They pointed out that the mining is being carried out in a protected area that has been declared by the government. The area is declared as a tiger reserve under Rajasthan Wild Animal and Birds Protection Act, 1951. This area is also declared as a WS and NP under WLPA, 1972. Under these acts such activities in WS or NP or a tiger reserve is prohibited and can result in dire consequences. The permission of the government for such activities actually contradicted these legislations. The petitioners side of argument was that mining permission lease was not granted to the company. For such an activity to be carried out they have to acquire prior permission from the Government of India section 2 FCA,1980 and rule 4(6) of Rajasthan Minor Mineral Concession Rules. They stated that no permission was obtained and the government illegally issued 400 mining permission leases. This has caused degradation of ecology and devastation of the environment. In this case, the court was called upon to ensure that the laws for the protection of the environment were enacted on. The state on its behalf countered that the grant of these mining activities where due to some confusion regarding the difference between NP and reserved forests and were confused regarding the exact location of mining areas. But the state was humble enough to agree that the mines were in the protected areas and realised that appropriate action should be taken so that the provisions of the statutes are enforced. The irony is that the state of Rajasthan while proclaiming that they protect the environment actually is part of a huge scam and allows the degradation of the environment. The central government stated that the FCA provisions extend to reserved, protected forests and all the areas that have been recorded as forests in the government records. They also submitted that no mining should be allowed to take place without the prior permission from the central government. The central government passed a notification on 7 May, 1997 under section 3 of EPA. This notification prohibited the mining in the Sariska NP, Sariska WS and other areas that were protected. According to the Rule 4(6) of the Rajasthan Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1982, no mining lease can be granted within a forest without going through the rules and provisions provided by the FCA, 1980. The chair man of committee Shri.Justice M.L.Jain recommended 215 mines mentioned in appendix A that are placed wholly in protected areas are closed. The purpose of FCA and EPA are totally different. In the sense that the closure of the mines that were situated in the protected forests may not benefit for t he environmental purpose but will surely benefit the forest purpose. The central government stated that no permission was acquired for the mines that were in the protected forests. The court after the final hearing ordered and issued notice to the listed mines to stop their activities immediately. But the mines outside the tiger reserve were allowed to continue their activity for 4 months within which they could approach the central government with an application to continue their operation. If permitted they are allowed to continue their mining activities with no hindrance. If no permission is obtained then they will have to cease their mining operations immediately. Some miners who felt that they were wronged filed a review application and the SC rejected the application on 7 May, 1994. This case is a perfect example of Industry Vs Protected Areas. CONCLUSION Nature cannot be compared in terms of beauty. There is nothing that surpasses her. The presence of nature along with her children playing around carefree and not worried about the future was what God pictured when he first created Earth. But unfortunately, the rosy picture painted by God was not reality. Man has been the root cause of the upheaval. Protected areas have a very important place in the process of restoration of the environment. These areas conserve and restore the environment along with its flora and fauna. These areas are critical for the conservation of endemic biodiversity. India has a very diverse population of fauna and flora. But now even the smallest of species are facing a threat of extinction. The protection of natural areas is the fundamental conservation strategy. These areas are key habitats since they can be conserved by species approach or ecosystem approach. These provide refuge for wildlife to restore them and protect them from the outside cruelty. They also protect mankind indirectly by protecting the trivial life on earth and help in balancing the natures cycle. These areas are life for the local tribes. The WLPA, 1972 legislation was passed for the protection of wildlife. But ironically until recently the provisions of the act have not been implemented to full strength. Until the SC intervened the State Board and the National Board were very poor respondents. This statute needs to be revised and amended in various aspects. There should be a section legislated in the WLPA dedicated to the implementation of the provisions and instructions. It should be made mandatory. The authorities in charge need to be penalised in case rules and regulations were flouted. Even though there are rules regarding the entry of people, registration of arms into these areas if someone throws in some cash anything under the sun can be achieved, including flouting the wildlife laws. The main reason is that the base of the whole structure is so weak that nothing can be done. Unless we realise and build the system again from the foundation the future is bleak and is very much predictable. This can be seen the case of Tarun bharath Sangh,Alwar Vs Union of India,1992. Here the government themselves are villains by allowing illegal mining operations in a protected forest. Flouting of wildlife laws has resulted in grave consequences. One such case comes to light about the extinction of tigers from the Sariska Tiger Reserve. In December 2004, all tigers had disappeared from the Sariska Tiger Reserve. In 1973, Project Tiger was established for the conservation of tiger. The shock waves that were created and sent across the country resulted in the establishment of the Tiger Task Force; it was specially formed for the Tiger conservation. Through investigation it was revealed that poaching was the main issue for the dwindling population of tigers. The last six that remained were poached during the last months of 2004. After this devastating story, the wardens are instructed to shoot poachers on sight when they are sighted. Tiger (Panthera tigris) is our national animal. The danger we are putting it through is a heart wrenching story. Now it doesnt even have a place to call home since its struggling with mankind tooth and nail for survival. Joining our national animal are other wildlife species like the lion, Asian elephant, snow leopard etc. Even though these are protected and conserved in areas or reserves they still face the threat of poaching. There are also other reasons that affect the conservation strategies. One of the main reasons is the failure of the forest dwellers or local people in helping to conserve the wildlife. They assist the poachers in killing those animals giving the reason that they are threatened by its presence. Therefore there is no cordial relationship between the management and the local people. But we cannot blame the local people for their action because their whole livelihood is through deriving resources from the forest reserve. The recording and rights of people living near forests and reserves started way back when the acts were legislated but even now many are pending. Many people are still in hope to get their rights so that they can live peacefully with nature. This is a perfect para digm for Man Vs Wild. These conflicts have been present for ages but have increased over the years because humans expand their cities or towns with reference to development. This has resulted in us exploiting their habitat. Other reasons that can lead to threatening the wildlife in their protected abode is illegal activities such as mining, construction, noise etc. Protected areas along with its varied flora and fauna actually conserve the value of the country. Even though these areas are protected half the population of the country are not aware that an Act has been implemented for protection. People dont realise the consequences and the penal codes of the constitution regarding environment. This is basically due to ignorance and illiteracy. Therefore awareness needs to be achieved.MoEF One act of random kindness will change the life of many. Environment and mankind are interlinked. That is because every living thing has a place and a role to play on this planet through a food chain or a food web. So even if one level is disrupted the whole web goes haywire and can result in a catastrophe that man didnt perceive. So if he wants to live he needs to start thinking twice before taking a crucial step. But it doesnt mean that development stops. Development can take place but not at the cost of the environment. Nature should not take the brunt of mans action. Only recently have people started to stand up to the atrocities being done to animals. But even then the response is poor compared to the huge population of India. Man being a greedy animal, has never been satisfied with his life and in the name of development has destroyed the environment. When he does realise the mistakes that he has committed it would be too late to turn back and start again. He is already standing on the edge of the cliff, one wrong move and he sinks without a trace. Being the most intelligent creature ironically man has been doing the most foolish thing of his lifetime. What is life without any morale and values? Are we so inhumane to even listen to the pain that these animals cry out when they are being killed? Are we deaf to the pleas that reverberate out of them and asking us for their help? But instead of helping them we are using them for our benefit. This is what life has become to develop our race we step onto the lives of another. GLOSSARY Art.252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State. Art.51A(g) It shall be the duty of every citizen of india to protect and improve the natural environment including forests,lakes,rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. Entries 17A and 17B Forests and Protection of Wildlife in Concurrent list Art.8 In Situ conservation of protected areas Art.21 Protection of life and personal liberty.-No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Section 2(37) wild life includes any animal, bees, butterflies, crustacea, fish and moths; and aquatic or land vegetation which form part of any habitat; Section16 notification declaring forest reserved Section 18 Declaration of sanctuary Section 26 A Declaration of area as sanctuary Section 27 Restriction on entry in sanctuary Section 29 Destruction,etc., in a sanctuary prohibited without permit Section 30 Causing fire prohibited No person shall set fire to a sanctuary, or kindle any fire, or leave any fire buring, in such manner as to endanger such sanctuary. Section 31 Prohibition of entry into sanctuary with weapon No person shall enter a sanctuary with any weapon except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. Section 32 Ban on use of injurious substances a No person shall use, in a sanctuary, chemicals, explosives or any other substances which may cause injury to or endanger, any wild life in such sanctuary

Drugs in Traditional Herbal Medicine

Drugs in Traditional Herbal Medicine There are about 1.75 million known species of animals, plants, fungi, micro-organisms on earth. Each species contains a wide spectrum of chemical moieties that number hundreds to thousands. The use of plants as sources of medicine is as old as the history of mankind. Today, there are at least 120 distinct chemical substances derived from plants that are considered as important drugs currently in use in one or more countries in the world. A few of these chemical substances are shown in the table below. Several of the drugs sold today are simple synthetic modifications or copies of the naturally obtained substances. This chapter deals with a few of the traditional drugs used commonly in traditional herbal medicine in India, which are presently being explored for a wide variety of medical conditions where the allopathic system is either insufficient or disadvantageous. SATAVARI Common name: Shakakul, Chatwal, Satawar (Hindi) Biological Source: Satavari consist of dried tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus. Family: Liliaceae Morphology: The plant grows all over India in tropical areas and is found in the Himalayas up to an altitude of 1300-1400 meters. The plant is an armed climber, growing 1-2 meters in length. The leaves are green, shiny, small, and uniform and like pine needles. The flowers are tiny, white, in small spikes. The roots are finger-like, clustered, tuberous, 30 cm to 1 meter or more in length and tapering at both ends. The diameter of the root is 1-3 cm. The colour of the root is grey. The fruits are globose, pulpy berries, purplish black when ripe. The plant flowers in July and fruits in September. The roots of Satavari are adventitious, arising from a single point and become fleshy and tuberous, tapering towards the base and swollen in the middle. Charaka has categorized Satavari as balya promoting strength or a tonic, vaya sthapana promotes longevity, sukra janana (spermatogenic). Also, he has cited it as a rejuvenative to rasa and mamsa dhatus and mamsavaha srotasa. Susruta has mentioned it as sukra sodhana purifies the sperms or semen. Whereas, it is quoted as vajikara augments the sexual vigour and quantity of semen (Sarngandhara Samhita). It is also classified as samsamana neither it aggravates nor it eliminates the doshas from the body, but simply pacifies the aggravated doshas especially, pitta. Surface: More or less smooth in fresh samples and longitudinal wrinkles on the dried ones Fracture: Complete Root Plant Chemical constituents: Asparagus contains steroidal glycosides, bitter glycosides, asparagins and flavonoids. The plant contains four saponins, viz. Shatavarin I to IV. Shatavarin IV is a glycoside of Sarsasapogenin having two molecules of rhamnose and one molecule of glucose. It also contains mucilage and starch. Shatavarin IV Uses: Shatavari has been used in India for thousands of years for its therapeutic and tonic properties. It is an all-round tonic and rejuvenative which can be given to a person with any type, constitution, males or females, youngsters or elders. A few more uses include: Anti-oxytocic and anti-abortifacient Galactogogue, diuretic and antidysenteric Anti cancer, nutritive tonic and adaptogen. It has been used in combination with Ashwagandha for accelerating the healing of fractures. It improves the defense mechanism against infection. KANTAKARI Common name: Kateli Biological source: It is the dried ripe fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum . Family :Solanaceae Fruit Plant Plant Morphology: The plant occurs all around India, often in wastelands, on roadsides and in open scrublands. Kantakari, also known as Indian Solanum, is a prickly, branched perennial herb. The branches are densely covered with minute star-shaped hairs. The plant has yellow, shining prickles of about 1.5 cm in size. It has very prickly, sparsely hairy, egg ­ shaped leaves; purple flowers, round fruit, yellow colour with green veins and numerous smooth seeds. The fruit of the plant constitutes the drug. The fruits are globular drooping and loamy; yellow or white in colour with green veins surrounded by calyx. Seeds are very small and reniform; smooth yellowish brown in colour and the taste is bitter. Chemical constituents: Steroidal alkaloids like solasodine and solanin; sterols such as cholesterol and phytosterol derivatives. Solanin Solasodine Uses: Kantakari is a valuable remedy in the treatment of dropsy, a disease marked by an excessive collection of fluids in the tissues and cavities or natural hollows of the body. The drug helps increase the secretion and discharge of urine. It is also used as a steroidal precursor and an aphrodisiac. It is found effective in throat disorders like sore throat and tonsillitis. An extract of the plant should be used as a gargle in such cases. Kantakari root has been traditionally used in snake and scorpion bites. A paste of the root can be prepared by grinding it on a stone with lemon juice and applying to the affected part. BAEL Common name: Bilva, Shriphal Biological source: Bael consists of the entire unripe or half ripe fruits of Aegle marmelos. Family: Rutaceae Plant Fruit Fruit Morphology: It is a fruit-bearing tree indigenous to dry forests on hills and plains of central and southern India, southern Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. It is cultivated throughout India, as well as in Sri Lanka, northern Malay Peninsula, Java and in the Philippines. It is also popularly known as Bilva, Bilwa, Bel, Kuvalam, Koovalam, Madtoum, or Beli fruit, Bengal quince, stone apple, and wood apple. The tree, which is the only species in the genus Aegle, grows up to 18 meters tall and bears thorns and fragrant flowers. It has a woody-skinned, smooth fruit 5-15 cm in diameter. The skin of some forms of the fruit is so hard it must be cracked open with a hammer. It has numerous seeds, which are densely covered with fibrous hairs and are embedded in a thick, gluey, aromatic pulp. Type of fruit: Berry Colour: Unripe fruits are green and ripe fruits are yellowish brown Size: 7.5 to 20 cm Shape: Sub globose Surface: Smooth but hard and woody Epicarp: 3mm thickness, pulp containing mesocarp and endocarp is pale red in colour. Seeds: Numerous and sticky mucilage surrounding the seeds. Odour: slightly aromatic Taste: Mucilaginous Chemical constituents: Coumarins like marmesin, Imperatorin, alloimperatorin, xanthotoxol, scoparone, scopoletin, umbelliferone, psoralen, marmelide, tannins, reducing sugars Marmesin Imperatorin Umbelliferone Uses: Ripe bael fruit is regarded as the best natural laxative. The unripe or half-ripe fruit is very effective in treating chronic diarrhoea and dysentery where there is no fever. It is also beneficial in cases of sprue in irritable bowel syndrome, hyperacidity and flatulence. The root of this tree is used as a remedy for curing ear problems. A stiff piece of the root is dipped in neem oil and lighted. The oil that drips from the burning end is a highly effective medicine for ear problems. An infusion of bael leaves is regarded as a valuable remedy for peptic ulcer. Precautions- The ripe fruit should not be taken regularly at a stretch. When used without a break, it produces atony of the intestines or lack of normal elasticity and consequent flatulence in the abdomen. The bael fruit should also not be taken in excess at a time, as excessive intake may produce a sensation of heaviness in the stomach. RASNA Common name: Lesser galangal Biological source: It consists of the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum obtained from 4-10 years old plants washed, trimmed and cut into segments and carefully dried. It consists of not less than 0.5 % of volatile oils. Family: Zingiberaceae Plant Rhizome Morphology : Form: Cylindrical, irregularly branched and bent like knee Size: 5-10cm long and up to 2cm thick Colour: Copper red externally and cinnamon brown internally Surface: Marked with fine annuli of lighter colour than the general surface Colour: Copper red externally Odour: Aromatic Taste: Characteristic, spicy, aromatic and pungent Fracture: Fibrous and tough Chemical constitutents: Essential oils (0.5-1 %), Cineole, alpha pinene, eugenol, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene alocohols; Alpinol resins or gelangol; tannins phlobaphenes and flavanoids -kaempferol, galangin a dioxyflavonol. The volatile oil and acrid resins are the active principles. Kaempferol Uses: Stomachic, stimulant and carminative, it is especially useful in flatulence, dyspepsia, vomiting and sickness at stomach, being recommended as a remedy for sea-sickness. It tones up the tissues and is sometimes prescribed in fever. It is used in rheumatism and catarrhal affections and Also acts as an antibacterial and anti fungal. GUDUCHI Common name: Gulbel, Madhuparni, Amritha Biological source: It consists of the stems and roots of Tinospora cordifolia. Family: Menispermaceae Stem Plant Morphology: Guduchi is a native plant from India, also known to be found in Far East, primarily in rainforests. The plant is a climbing shrub with heart-shaped leaves. It has stems about 6 cm in diameter, with light grey, papery bark. The leaves are 7.5-14 cm long, 9-17 cm broad, broadly ovate or orbicular, deeply heart shaped at the base. Tiny greenish yellow flowers occur in racemes 7-14 cm long. Flowers have 3+3 sepals in 2 layers; the outer ones are small, the inner large. Six stamens prominently protrude out. The plant flowers during the summer and fruits during the winter. Fruits are red when ripe, stems are closely with watery tuberoles and longitudinally fissured. Gulbel prefers acid, neutral or basic alkaline soil. It can grow in semi-shade or no shade; it requires moist soil. Gulbel grows easily without chemical fertilizers, and use of pesticides. Chemical constituents: Diterpenoids such as thiosporide, tinosporide and columbin; Sesquiterpenes like tino cordifolioside; Alkaloids berberine and jatrorhizine. Tinosporaside Uses : The root, stem, leaves and sattva (starch) of guduchi are used for medicinal purpose externally.The medicated oil of the plant is effectively used to reduce the pain and oedema, in gout and skin diseases. Guduchi is the drug of choice amongst all the remedies in treating gout. Internally, guduchi is one of the most effective rejuvenatives. It works well on all the tissues and keeps the systems in balance. It accords longevity, enhances memory, improves health, and bestows youth, betters complexion, voice, energy and lustre of the skin. It is immensely helpful in the digestive ailments like hyperacidity, colitis, worm infestations, and loss of appetite, abdominal pain, excessive thirst and vomiting. It is also used in liver disorders like hepatitis. Guduchi is one of the best bitter tonics useful in fevers especially of pitta origin. It alleviates body heat, thirst, burning sensation of the skin and vomiting if any, due to pitta. The starch (sattva) of guduchi is traditionally used as a household remedy, for chronic fever, to alleviate it as well as to reduce burning sensation and to increase the energy and appetite. It is beneficial in tuberculosis and general debility also. It also works well in the cutaneous rashes and condylomata, in the secondary stage of syphilis. Guduchi is one of the most versatile rejuvenative herbs. It works on all the tissue elements in the body. The Sanskrit name guduchi means the one, which protects the body. It is also called as amrita or nectar, as it is extremely useful in strengthening the immune system of the body and keeping the functions of its various organs in harmony. It possesses various synonyms like jvaranasi febrifuge, vayastha promotes longevity, rasayan- a rejuvenatPacifies all the three  Doshas  and maintain their balance with each other i.e. why it is said to be having  Rasayana  character; besides it find important place in the herbs useful in management of diseases having  Tridoshic  origin. Guduchi should be always used fresh for good results. KALIJEERA Common name: Black cumin, Kalonji Biological source: It consists of ripe seeds of Nigella sativa. Family: Ranunculaceae Plant Seeds Morphology: Attractive herb, 20-30 cm height Leaves: 2-5 cm in length, linearly lanceolate segments. They are pinnately arranged Flower: Delicate,pale blue and white with 5-10 petals, on solitary long peduncles. Fruit: The  fruit  is a large and inflated  capsule  composed of 3-7 united follicles, each containing numerous  seeds. Seeds: Trigonous and black in colour. Tubercular seeds containing yellowish brown volatile oil with an unpleasant odour. Chemical constituents: Volatile oils with an unpleasant odour, carvone, d-limonene, cyamine and nigellone. Nigellone Uses : It has been traditionally used for a variety of conditions and treatments related to respiratory health, stomach and intestinal health, kidney and liver function, circulatory and immune system support, and for general well-being. It has been used to treat ailments including  asthma,  bronchitis, rheumatism  and related inflammatory diseases Also used to increase milk production in nursing mothers Helps to promote digestion and Fights parasitic infections. Its oil has been used to treat skin conditions such as  eczema  and  boils  and to treat  cold  symptoms. GOKHRU Common name: Gokshura, Land Caltrops, Puncture vine   Biological source: It consists of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris. Family: Zygophyllaceae Plant Fruits Morphology: An annual herb with diffused or prostrate stems. The branches are flexuous, covered with silky thread like hairs. Leaves: Pari-pinnate having 6 to 7 pairs of leaflets that are narrow-elliptic with round base and apex. Flowers: Yellow flowers, borne solitary and axillary. Fruit: Globose consisting of usually 5 hairy cocci each with 2 very long sharp rigid spines, several shorter spines and surface covered with many hairs . Seeds: Several in each coccus with transverse partitition between them. Chemical constituents: Steroid saponins and steroid sapogenins, furostanol glycosides protodioscin which on acid hydrolysis yields spirostanol and diosgenin a trace of lipogenin, glucose and rhamnose, hecogenin and neotigogenin. Furostanol Protodioscin Uses : The roots and fruits are sweet, cooling and emollient. It serves as an appetizer in anorexia and laxative; also good in dyspepsia Also shows cardiotonic and styptic action It is a lithontriptic and useful in strangury, dysuria, vitiated conditions of vata and pitta, renal and vesical calculi Useful in cough and asthma. The seeds are astringent, strengthening and are useful in epistaxis, hemorrhages and ulcerative stomatitis. The ash of the whole plant is good for external application in rheumatoid arthritis. Lithontriptic having the quality of, or used for, dissolving or destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys. Strangury  is the symptom of painful, frequent urination of small volumes that are expelled slowly only by straining and despite a severe sense of urgency, usually with the residual feeling of  incomplete emptying. These drops of urine are squeezed out in what sufferers describe as painful wrenching spasms.   Epistaxis nose bleed SHILAJIT Biological source: Its a herbomineral drug ejected out of fissures in the iron rich rocks during hot weather. In the raw form it is a bituminous substance, which is a compact mass of vegetable organic matter composed of dark red gummy matrix. It is bitter in taste, and its smell resembles cows stale urine. The botanical name of Shilajit is  Asphaltum  (mineral pitch). It is found to be produced naturally in mountainous area especially Himalayas, Vindhyas and other mountains in India and also in Nepal.. It is found in the Himalayas from Arunachal Pradesh in the east to Kashmir in the west. It is also found in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Tibet, and Norway, where it is collected in small quantities from steep rock faces at altitudes between 1000 and 5000 m. It may also be found as tar in earth crust formed due to decomposition of vegetable substance Shilajit samples from different region of the world have different physiological properties. Before refinement, Shilajit is a semi-hard, brownish black to dark, greasy, black resin that has a distinctive smell and taste. Different varieties : Iron shilajit: Blackish brown Copper shilajit: Blue variety Silver shilajit :White variety Gold Shilajit: Red variety Chemical constituents: Aluminoids, fatty acid, trace elements waxes,minerals, methoxy carboxy biphenyls. Shilajit contains at least 85 minerals in  Ionic  form as well as  humic acid  and  fulvic acid. Humic acid Humic acid  is one of the major components of humic substances which are dark brown and major constituents of soil organic matter  humus that contributes to  soil  chemical and physical quality and are also precursors of some  fossil fuels. They can also be found in  peat,  coal, many upland  streams,  dystrophic lakes  and  ocean  water. Uses: Shilajit is a most important drug for many diseases. It was used as a drug in prehistoric periods. There is evidence of Shilajit (Silajatu) in the Indus civilization. Traditionally it is used as power increasing tonic. The following health properties are found in Shilajit: Helps accelerate processes of protein and nucleic acid metabolism and stimulates energy providing reactions. Counteracts Diabetes and regulates the blood sugar level. Purifies blood, improves functioning of pancreas and strengthens digestion. Reduces fat, dissolves tumours, and counteracts thirst. Promotes the movement of minerals, especially calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium into muscle tissue and bone. Stimulates the immune system and improves restoration (recovery) after exercise. Increases levels of growth hormone in diabetic patients and is a potent anti-ulcer agent. It is considered to be an aphrodisiac, for the treatment of impotence and infertility in men and women. Used for strengthening the immune system. ARJUNA Common name: Koha, White marudah Biological source: It consists of the dried bark of Terminalia arjuna. Family: Combretaceae Bark Tree Morphology :Arjuna is a large, deciduous tree. The height of the Arjuna tree reaches upto 60 -85 feet. It is an evergreen tree with the yellow flowers and conical leaves. It has a smooth gray bark. Fruit is 2.5 -3.5 cm long, fibrous woody, glabrous with 5 hard wings, striated with numerous  curved veins. It has a buttressed trunk and a vast spreading crown from which the branches drop downwards. Its leaves are dull green above and pale brown beneath. Arjuna flowers between March to June and fruits between September to November. Shape: Flat, slightly curved Size: About 15 cm length, 10 cm breadth and 1 cm thick Colour: Ash coloured on the outer side but reddish and striated on the inner side Surface: More or less smooth Fracture: fibrous Odour: None Taste: Astringent Chemical constituents: Tannins (12%) pyrocatechol tannins, large quantities of calcium salts and small traces of aluminium and magnesium salts. Arjuna glycosides, phytosterols, organic acids and organic esters and sugars, colouring matter etc. A saponin like substance is responsible for its diuretic activity. Arjunolic acid Uses: It is used by  Ayurvedic  physicians for its curative properties in organic/functional heart problems including  angina,  hypertension  and deposits in arteries. This has also been proved in a research by Dr. K. N. Udupa in  Banaras Hindu Universitys Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi (India). In this research, they found that powdered extract of the above drug provided very good results to the people suffering from Coronary heart diseases. Research suggests that  Terminalia  is useful in alleviating the  pain  of  angina pectoris  and in treating  heart failure  and  coronary artery disease; it may also be useful in treating  hypercholesterolemia. The cardio-protective effects are thought to be caused by the  antioxidant  nature of several of the constituent  flavonoids  and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, while positive  inotropic  effects may be caused by the  saponin  glycosides. In addition to its cardiac effects,Arjuna may also be protective against  gastric ulcers, such as those caused by  NSAIDs. According to Ayurvedic texts, it also very useful in the treatment of any sort of pain due to a fall. Also used in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases such as  gonorrhoea. CHIRATA Common name: Indian Gentian, Bhunimba Biological source: Chirata is the plant Swertia chirata collected in flowering stage and dried. Family: Gentianaceae Morphology: The drug consists chiefly of the stem, which is quite glabrous, and contains large continuous pith. In the upper part it branches freely, bearing numerous fruits and flowers, together with a few opposite leaves with prominent curving lateral veins. The root is short, stout, and oblique. Size of stem: About 1cm Colour: Dark purplish brown. Shape: Slightly wringed and much branched above branches slender opposite decussate leaves. Leaves: Opposite, ovate, lanceolate, glabrous, entire. Fruit: Bicarpellary but unilocular containing numerous minute brownish seeds Odour: none Taste: Extremely bitter. Chemical constituents: The plant contains the two bitter principles, ophelic acid and chiratin. The latter occurs in the larger proportion, and yields, by boiling with hydrochloric acid, chiratogenin and ophelic acid, but no sugar. Neither ophelic acid nor chiratin has been obtained in crystals. It also contains a glycoside Amarogentin. Uses: Chirata owes its action to its bitterness it is used in dyspepsia to improve the appetite. At one time it was believed to exert a specific action upon the liver, but there is no evidence to confirm this. It is usually administered  in the form of infusion. The preparations of Chirata are without tannin, and may, therefore, be prescribed with iron. It is also used as a febrifuge. TYLOPHORA Common name: Indian Ipecac, Antamul Biological source: It consists of the fresh and dried material of Tylophora indica. Family: Asclepiadaceae Morphology: Perennial, small, slender, much branched pubescent twining or climbing herbs or under  shrubs; sap yellowish, found in the sub-Himalayan tract from Uttar Pradesh to Meghalaya and in the central and peninsular India, ascending up to 1,260 m. Height 1.5 metres. Leaves: 6.0-10.5 x 3.8-6.0 cm, ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute to acuminate, cordate at base, thick, pubescent beneath when young, glabrous above; Flowers: Minute, 1-1.5 cm across, in 2 to 3-flowered fascicles in axillary umbellate cymes.; Calyx divided nearly to the base, densely hairy outside; segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla is greenish-yellow or greenish-purple; lobes oblong, acute. Fruit: a follicle, up to 7 x 1 cm; ovoid-lanceolate, tapering at apex forming fine mucro, finally striate, glabrous. Seeds: 0.6-0.8 x 0.3-0.4 cm, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, flat, brown, dark coloured in centre Roots: Roots long, fleshy, with longitudinally fissured light brown, corky bark; sweet in taste, pleasant and aromatic odour. Fracture: Brittle Chemical constituents: Alkaloids like tylophorine, tylophorinine, tylophorinidine, septicine and isotylocrebrine; tannins, saponins and flavonoids. Tylophorine Septicine Uses: The leaves and roots have emetic, cathartic, laxative, expectorant, diaphoretic and purgative properties. It has also been used for the treatment of allergies, cold, dysentery, hay fever and arthritis. It is traditionally used as a folk remedy in certain regions of India for the treatment of bronchial asthma, inflammation, bronchitis, allergies, rheumatism and dermatitis. It has the reputation of being an alterative and a blood purifier, often used in rheumatism and syphilitic rheumatism. The root or leaf powder is used in diarrhea, dysentery and intermittent fever The dried leaves are emetic, diaphoretic and expectorant. It is regarded as one of the best indigenous substitute for Ipecacuanha. The roots are suggested to be a good natural preservative of food. It also seems to be a good remedy in traditional medicine as anti-psoriasis, seborrheic, anaphylactic, in leucopenia. APAMARGA Common name: Prickly chaff flower, Chirchidi Biological source: It consists of the dried whole plant of Achyranthes aspera. Family: Amaranthaceae Morphology: Annual or perennial herb, 30 90 cm tall, often with a woody base, branches obtusely 4 angled, striate and pubescent. Main root is long, cylindrical, thick secondary and tertiary roots are also present Yellowish brown, sweet and mucilaginous Stem: yellowish brown erect and branched, cylindrical, hairy, solid up to 60cm height Leaf: Petiolate, alternate, elliptical or suborbicular, acute entire pubescent above and usually white and wooly beneath. Flowers: Greenish white, numerous in axillary or terminal spikes. Bract and bracteole persisting and ending in spine. Seeds: Sub cylindrical at apex, rounded at base, black and shiny. Chemical constituents: Ecdysone, Ecdysterone, Inokosterone, triterpenoid saponins possessing oleonelic acid as an aglycone . It also contains alkaloids like Achyranthine and betaine, water soluble bases and saponin glycosides C D. Ecdysone Ecdysterone Uses: Used in abdominal, liver and birth related disorders Acts as a blood purifier. It is also used as an astringent and diuretic The decoction of the plant is used in the treatment of pneumonia and dropsy. It is also used in treatment of cancer. SHANKPUSHPI Common name: Dwarf morning glory, Shankhahuli Biological source: It consists of the aerial parts of plant Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis. Family: Convulvalaceae. Morphology: The plant grows wildly in open grassy places throughout India, upto 1800 meters elevation. It is a small, diffuse perennial herb, much branched, hairy, with prostrate branches. The plant flowers and fruits during May to December. The roots are 15-30 cm long, 1-1.5 cm in diameter and greenish white in color. The plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its flowers. It is an erect annual with a winged stems and half a metre in length with decussate branches. Leaves: Sessile, 2.5 to 4cm in length, lanceolate and decussate with 3 prominent vertical lines, densely clothed with silky hair. Flowers: Axillary white (C. pluricaulis) or light blue (E. alsinoides) in colour and mostly solitary in upper axils. Fruits: Globose, 4- valve capsules and small. Chemical constituents: The plant contains an alkaloid called Shankhapushpine. The fresh plant contains volatile oil and potassium chloride. It also contains a neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. Three alkaloids evolvine, betaine and an unidentified compound have also been isolated. Uses: The whole plant of Sankhapushpi is used for medicinal purpose Externally; the medicated oil of the herb is useful as a hair tonic, to promote the hair growth. Sankhapushpi hair oil prevents the premature graying and falling of hair. Its paste is also applied externally in skin diseases. Internally, the plant is used in a vast range of diseases. The whole plant juice is traditionally used in various mental disorders. As one of the best psychotropic drugs, Sankhapushpi was held in high esteem by the ancient sages of India. In cases of minor memory disturbances, nervous debility and dementia, it is widely used as a brain tonic. The fresh juice of the plant stimulates appetite, is a mild laxative and de-flatulent. It also works well as a mucolytic and is useful in cough and hoarseness of voice. Sankhapushpi being a diuretic is useful in urinary disorders and hypertension. It promotes conception in females and is rewarding as an aphrodisiac in sexual debility in males. It is a great panacea for raktapitta, as it is styptic also. Sankhapushpi is one of the best herbs used as a general tonic and rejuvenative. It is also used as an antiviral against Ranikhet disease virus.

HuckleBerry Finn Character List :: essays papers

HuckleBerry Finn Character List He is the protagonist and narrator of the novel. Huck is a thirteen-year-old boy. Huck is dirty and frequently homeless. He was constantly forced to survive on his own wits. But Huck is thoughtful, â€Å"street smart† rather than â€Å"book smart†. In fact he was uneducated. He was always an outcast, he was willing to come to his own conclusions about important stuff, even if the conclusions frequently contradicted society's norms. Huck was easily influenced by others, particularly by his friend Tom. Jim He is one of Miss Watson’s household slaves. He is sometimes a little sentimental and very superstitious to the point where you might think he is stupid, but its because he knew the world around him. But he was also intelligent, practical, and I think, more of an adult than anyone else in the book. He became a replacement dad to Huck as well as a friend. Because he is a black man and a runaway slave, he was afraid of getting caught, so he became paranoid. Jim was at the mercy of almost all the other characters in the book. Tom Sawyer He was Huck's friend in this novel. He is everything that Huck is not. Tom's stubborn reliance on the "authorities" of romance novels leads him to acts of incredible stupidity and startling cruelty. His adherence to the uncivilized world gives him something in common with Huck. He learns to see through and alienate himself from the â€Å"forces† that try to civilize him. Pap Huck's father and the town drunk. When he appears at the beginning of the novel, he is a wreck, with pale white skin and decrepit old clothes. Illiterate himself, he disapproves of Huck’s education. Many surrogates are forced to care for his son. Pap represented â€Å"white trash†. Most of the black characters in the book were morally and physically better than he was. He was a dead-beat and abusive dad. Judge Thatcher Judge Thatcher shared responsibility for Huck with the Widow Douglas, and is in charge of safeguarding the money that Huck found. He takes responsibility for issues affecting the community as a whole. He cared for Huck. When Huck discovers that Pap had returned to town, he signed his fortune over to the Judge, instead of taking it, he promised to hold it for him. Judge Thatcher has a daughter, Becky, who was Tom's girlfriend in the earlier novel.

Paper :: Essays Papers

Paper Since the recent terrorist attacks on the United States of America, politicians and policy makers are considering anti-terrorist legislation. This would include plans to implement a national identification card. The proposed national identification cards would include features such as magnetic stripes, holograms, and integrated circuits. â€Å"This magnetic stripe is expected soon to contain a digitized fingerprint, retina scan, voice print, and other biometric identifiers, and it will leave an electronic trail every time you use it†(1). I feel that since September 11, 2001, many Americans feel insecure and unsafe. Research done by the Pew Research Center shows that, â€Å"seven out of ten Americans favor a national-ID card program in which like the French system, the cards would have to be presented to the police upon demand†(2). In fact there are many developed countries that have a system of national ID cards such as: Germany, France, Belgium, Greece, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. It should also be noted that there are many developed countries that do not have such a system: United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland, the Nordic countries, and Sweden. I think that the terrorist attack on the United States is unsettling. It makes you feel unsafe in your own country. I do not think that September 11 is a good reason for us to adapt a national ID card. Lori Cole, executive director of the Eagle Forum states, â€Å"We don’t want to see Congress pass something in a rush because everyone is fearful to get on an airplane right now† (3). I think that on February 20, 2002 Pramod Shrestha posted something on the discussion forum that was interesting about how national ID cards would combat terrorism, â€Å"Several countries including Hong Kong, Ma laysia, Singapore, Thailand and in most European countries have already issued National ID Card System, however, "no one has been able to identify any country where cards have deterred terrorists." If this is true then a national ID card system would not solve the problem it was proposed for. â€Å"National ID cards have long been advocated as a means to enhance national security, unmask potential terrorists, and guard against illegal immigrants† (4). In fact the chairman and CEO of Oracle recently advocated the national ID card system as a way to address airport security. I do not think that national ID cards will solve the problems that it proposes.

Determining Databases and Data Communications Essay

In this paper the writer will seek to respond to the questions designated for both scenarios. This paper will list typical fields for each type of data. Provide an example of two relationships that you need to track. This paper will also answer the questions of: Do you need a database system? If not, can Excel ® handle the data and the output? What are the advantages and disadvantages? Would you use a personal database or an enterprise database? Explain your answer. Would a decision support system (DSS) be helpful? Explain your answer. When directing companies who work diligently with computer technology, it becomes increasingly imperative to have an adequate knowledge of the technology that is obtainable. This will allow those who have to manage information to make the most effective choice concerning what technology should be used for the company. In the two scenarios, making the best choices in technology allows the manager to best confer time and energy with superficially formi dable responsibilities. For instance, in the first scenario, an marketing assistant of a consumer electronics company is asked to not only maintain the booths for various trade shows from beginning to end, but is also asked to ensure that there any issues that arise during the delivery of the products are resolved. First, it is important to realize what information should be maintained in order to best ensure that the tools that are used during the trade shows. In cases like these, it would be important to have a list that details what displays, equipment and booths are needed for specific trade shows, as well as when the displays, equipment, and booths should be shipped to the area and back. For example, if a trade show located in Tulsa, OK only needed one booth with one display in order to accommodate the space, it would be the job of the marketing assistant to ensure that the various parts made it to Tulsa, as well as ensure that the booth and display made it back to the office f or future use; it would be necessary to know when it would be sent, as well as when it will be delivered back (which could be maintained with the knowledge of the delivering postal tracking number). In order to keep track of what is necessary for each trade show, there are several technological tools that would be instrumental in maintaining the information that will be transmitted. While one could use an Excel to begin the process of tracking the information that is needed, it would not be the best method of collecting that type of information, and it could be overwhelming over time. A database, on the other hand, could handle the information that is contained, and would allow the marketing assistant to create reports later on that can be used to analyze what changes could be made in the future whether it is making earlier shipments in order to ensure that it reaches an area on time, etc. (Middleton, 2009). Since there would only be one person keeping track of the information, it would not be necessary to create an enterprise database, which would have the capabilities of being made available to other departments within the company (Web Definition, 2012). This would allow one person to maintain the pertinent information that other departments may need without having too many people managing information, which could lead to confusion regarding where equipment is or what is needed for certain trade shows. Also, in order to maintain the large amount of information that would come from managing various trade shows, it would be necessary for the marketing assistant to have a decision support system, which is a â€Å"computer system that is designed to provide assistance in determining and evaluating alternative courses of action† by â€Å"acquiring data from the mass of transactions of a firm,† by â€Å"analyzing it with advanced statistical techniques to extract meaningful information,† and by â€Å"narrowing down the range of choices by applying rules based on decision theory (Web Definition, 2012).† This will allow the marketing assistant to gain better knowledge of what could be improved upon for future trade shows. In the second scenario, technology has to be used in order to manage a consulting team of seven, some of whom work in an office and others who work from home. In this case, ensuring that there is equ al accessibility to each employee is paramount to maintaining the business. A wide area network, or WAN, would help to accommodate the needs of employees who are working in the office as well as those who work from home. The WAN would create several LAN connections that would allow workers to the same access to important information regardless of where they are (John, 2009). Also, for projects that more than likely will be time-sensitive, employees within the consulting team will have access to the printers and other equipment’s that is a part of the network, so that tasks are completed in a timely manner (John, 2009). While there are certain security risks with using WAN that includes the potential infiltration from people other than employees and the possible placement of viruses that would threaten the maintenance of information that is stored, the use of anti-virus programs and other programs would help to protect the computers and information that they have, and the benefit far outweigh the potential risks. Also, a wireless access would better assist the team in completing tasks in different areas. Like WAN, wireless access would assist employees in gaining pertinent access to the information may normally be stored in in the office. For a consulting team who works in different areas, privacy and computer protection become a relevant problem that can be addressed with creating a virtual private network, or VPN. A VPN would ensure that the information that is held at the office for the team remains on a network that would only be accessible by the team, and it would prevent others who are not a part of the team from placing viruses on the computers or accessing the information, which could greatly hinder the completion of tasks and the accessibility of information. When considering what wireless networks should be used, cost as well as features must be considered. Excel documents often help to organize this information in order to assist leaders in making decisions regarding the best wireless network to purchase. For instance, if a wireless network is priced low but does not offe r the speeds or other features necessary to operate for a company, the network would not be good to expend money on. However, it could be equally dangerous to expend a lot of money on a wireless network that has a lot of features that may or may not be used. As a result, this requires that a company list the various features that would be necessary for the functioning of the company. The company can then review the list of features that are included for wireless networks that they are considering, listing the price of each network. This allows them to find the wireless network that best meets their company’s needs without paying a lot of money for it. In conclusion, having a working understanding of the technology that is available to a company can help managers make wise and efficient choices regarding what tools should be used. In the first scenario, using databases in comparison to excel documents allows the marketing assistant to properly track equipment that is used on a daily basis, as well as track where it is being shipped to. In the second scenario, using WAN or wireless networks allow a team to maintain access to pertinent information that could help employee’s complete tasks in a timely manner regardless of their location. In these ways, technology assists companies in maintaining their business. References: Decision Support System. (2012). â€Å"Decision support system.† Retrieved from: http://www.decisionsupportsystem.info/ Middleton H. (2009). â€Å"Maintaining a relational vs. flat file marketing database.† Retrieved from: http://www.dbmarketing.com/articles/Art223.htm Charlene N. (2010). â€Å"Benefits of developing & maintaining a database.† Retrieved from: http://www.reviveprojects.com.au/blogs//2010/10/06/benefits-of-developing—maintaining-a-customer-database- Web Definition. (2012). â€Å"Enterprise data.† Retrieved from: www.dataclaritycorp.com/cognos-glossary.html

Moral Values Essay

The fabric of any society is held together by the standards of morality that we maintain and practice. Values are our personal set of beliefs about what is important, unimportant, right, wrong, good and bad. When we are confronted by choices, options, or moral dilemmas, the decisions we make will indicate what values we hold. Human values give worthiness and respect to life. The foundation of human values are based on  · Dignity of human life  · Respect and consideration for the â€Å"other†  · The importance of integrity and service  · An attitude of non-violence  · The individual and collective quest for peace and happiness. In other words, values are a kind of a map in our minds of how things are or should be. Values are only our perception of the principles of nature that govern our lives or the universe, and not these principles themselves. People think that there should be a specific set of principles protecting and governing all human beings. However, others b elieve that values can be accepted in one culture and rejected in another culture. This idea is based on the belief that moral principles differ across cultures. Our moral values are our beliefs about what is important in life. Some values refer to how one should act (be honest, altruistic, self-disciplined) while other values refer to what one wants to accomplish or obtain in life (a lot of money, fame, a family, friendships, world peace). Because a person cannot â€Å"have it all† or â€Å"be all things,† priorities must be set and choices made. Setting your priorities often leads to value conflicts. We may want to be successful in your career, but we may also want a more relaxing lifestyle and more time to spend with friends and family. Here, the value of success may come into conflict with the value of family. Some examples of moral values are: integrity, respect, caring, justice, civic virtue, and openness. Anyway I am worried about the fact that our society is in moral decline. Morality is a very broad and complicated topic due to the fact that it is based primarily on individual opinions. Moral values constantly change with the generations. However, most people would agree that today’s moral values are more tolerant of behaviour that, a generation ago, would have been considered obscene and immoral. For example, sex on television is accepted by today’s public as normal, but until the 1980s one could hardly say the  word â€Å"sex† on television without being condemned. Yes, our society is currently in a rapid decline of moral values. Judging by current statistics, all that once was immoral is now considered moral. It seems as though people have lost their conscience and are now controlled by their surroundings. The majority of youth all over the world know very little about Moral Values. Very often the behaviour of children in society proves that moral values are hardly even a subject of importance. Today, the violence and crimes often occur when a troubled teen or a fragile child cannot handle the pressure and stress of reality. The influential factor of violence spreads so easily; a child finds this influence simply by turning the television set on. In fact, any news channel unfortunately shows the actions of teenagers committing the violent act of murder without any remorse. All of this animosity and chaos within children begin with not knowing the difference between the right and the wrong. But something should be done. The positive influence of religion, education, and peers greatly effect a child’s manner and behaviour. Traditional values and important lessons from these sources certainly help a child to understand the distinction between right and wrong choices in life. An important value for children to be aware of is the benefit of religion. The church teaches children to accept the existence of a being higher than man and gives a child the possibility to learn the moral values the way the Bible presents them. By understanding the responsibility of choice making, young people learn to think about the consequences or aftermath of their decision. Religion serves as a foundation for knowing the difference between the right and the wrong. The involvement of religion better prepares children for certain difficulties in life. The value of education is an important tool that induces the growth of young people to a more sophisticated level. Education builds knowledge and integrity into the minds of children. School also guides children away from trouble; with essays and math problems, a child has no time for trouble. Parents must emphasize the importance of education to their children. Education strengthens the capabilities of the youth. A child becomes a better individual when he experiences the goodness of church, education, and  friendship; that is the relevancy of values and lessons. In order for the nation to minimize crime, the children of this generation must reevaluate their choices and responsibilities in life. They also need the assistance of parents and teachers for guidance through the tough reality of today’s decision making. The aim should be to produce morally viable, responsible individuals and not scholars. Sadly today the virtues like honesty, integrity and respect are considered old fashioned. There has been gradual erosion in these values. The growing crime rate among the children in the developed nations is a good instance of lack of moral values. Whenever and wherever preference is given to materialism over moral values, it leads to total chaos. No one can be at peace, be it an individual, a community, a nation, or the whole world. Moral education is not something that can be imposed on someone from outside; rather it is a way of life. Fast changing society has its special problem – old social structures go away and replaced by new ones. Hence the old moral values get into the clash with the new ones, and this is not a clash of different social groups, this is a clash inside one person. Market based society, which by its nature breaks boundaries between individuals, creating more opportunities, creates moral problems. As a result – there are two sets of contradicting moral values in the person’s mind and there is no balance. These are the examples – changing relationship between sexes, between employer and employee leading to the internal conflict of moral values. It is matter of great concern and regret that today upbringing means providing good food, clothes and luxuries of life only. Moral values are no longer an integral part of a child’s rearing up. Some years back, grand parents provided moral education to grand children in the form of bedtime stories. But with the advent of nuclear families, moral education has become the responsibility of the educational institutions. But it should be the responsibility of the parents to bring out the best and divine in their child. There is no more powerful creature for a child than parents. The system of learning and adaptation to the life and society in particular is based on hungry absorption by kids of behavioural patterns and ideas from parents. Parents share subconsciously and freely with their kids all they know up to the point, when kids get problems. Actually it is very hard to limit voluntarily parental control, even harder to find the right balance. At least subconsciously, adults perceive their kids as a continuation of themselves. This perception produces protective and controlling behaviour, which kids need to survive and learn. However there is an important kid’s need which adults do not perceive – the need to learn how to make decisions and the need to make them. I mean real decisions, which carry serious consequences, decisions which adults make all the time, which no adult can avoid, and which adults do not want to avoid, because they are the essence of the life. Drugs and crime endanger the survival potential of youth and parents as well as educators. They endanger children’s future and threaten the very fabric of society. Drugs inevitably lead to ruined lives. Harmful actions and criminal behaviour bring unhappiness, and not just for the victim but the perpetrator as well. In today’s world, teaching youth the difference between right and wrong is not just a good idea, it is a vital action that directly relates to the survival potential and happiness of children and society. As an educator and one who truly cares about the well-being and future of our children parents really have an opportunity to help young people steer away and stay away from lives of drugs and crime. A little reflection will show that most of great men were great because they were more humane than the rest of us. With total chaos and dwindling moral values, and a mad rush for material comforts, it has become clear that it is only moral education that can bring solace to the otherwise tormented soul.